Pile o' bears

Check out these weight loss images:

Pile o’ bears


Image by Newbirth35

April 12, 2008 – My weight loss bears.

Newspaper ads


Image by rob_IMX

Full color newspaper ads for NX Martial Arts and NX Weight Loss Center

Pile o' bears

Nice Weight Loss photos

Some cool weight loss images:

Get Slim Fast With These 7 Simple Tweaks – Increase Your Water Intake To 2-3 Liters A Day


Image by UrbaneWomenMag

Water is an essential for life, and offers many benefits for individuals who consume enough of it on a daily basis. This only makes sense because of the fact that our bodies are made up of almost 60% water. Some of the things that can be gained from increasing your water intake includes; better cleansing of your kidneys and liver, and a more efficient release of all of our hormones that are so necessary for body function.

Water also works very well to help reduce the nag of cravings. If you feel like you’re eating too much food during your meals, another good way to help you to feel fuller faster is to drink a couple of glasses of water before you eat. This will allow you to need significantly less food because as soon as that food hits the water, it will expand and make you feel full.

Whenever you increase your water intake to the recommended amount of 2-3 liters every day, your body will experience the benefits of an increased metabolism which will allow your body to burn an additional 50 to 75 cal a day without changing anything else.

Like this weight loss tip? Find out more in this article: Get slim fast with these 7 simple tweaks

Get Slim Fast With These 7 Simple Tweaks – Provide Yourself With A Source of Protein For Every Meal


Image by UrbaneWomenMag

Protein is a powerful substance for anybody who is dieting simply because it provides you with energy and help you to feel full for longer. It is also proven to help the body burn off fat, and provides assistance with balancing out hormones. Individuals who eat diets that are high in protein also report that they experienced less anxiety, and are able to build and maintain solid muscle structure.

The American Journal of clinical nutrition published a study that was done on the benefits that people experience from increasing the amount of protein in their diet. This publication reported that individuals who increased their protein intake to 30% of what they were taking in each day, were able to decrease the amount of calories they were taking into their body by 441, and they also reported that they experienced the benefit of feeling fuller for longer as compared to their previous diets.

There are a lot of foods out there that are high in protein, and some of these include eggs, meats that are lean in fat, nuts, legumes, and seeds. Adding these foods into your diet in small portions is a great way to make simple changes for the better.

Like this weight loss tip? Find out more in this article: Get slim fast with these 7 simple tweaks

Nice Weight Loss photos

25 Pounds and 18 inches

A few nice weight loss images I found:

25 Pounds and 18 inches


Image by Sommer Poquette

My weight loss journey. shakleecinch.com

Gassy to Classy…?


Image by voteprime

This was a weight loss web ad I saw on the Washington Post website. I don’t get it. Are heavier people particularly gassy? I mean, I’m fairly thin and I’m still plenty capable of having my gassy days.

Am I missing something?

25 Pounds and 18 inches

Cool Healthy Eating images

Some cool healthy eating images:

Forum for Healthy Behavior Change 26810


Image by tedeytan

All photographs by Nicka Smith, Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Policy

On the Fly Healthy Eating SmartKart


Image by \ Ryan

This is a great idea that I hope catches on in other cities — healthy food served from an environmentally sound vehicle. The girl working this morning was from Seattle so we chatted. There are 8 of these around Washington D.C. each serving a different kind of food. I had two soft tacos that reminded me of Taco Gringos on Olive Way. Very good stuff.

Recipes for Healthy Eating: what could we do? Key Actions


Image by katska

Recipes for Healthy Eating: what could we do? Key Actions

Food labels

Food waste – skills need community group support

Food miles – local food hard to get

Our own Food more precious

Community Composting/collection

Urban Garden/ community gardens -> selling more compost -> using degraded land -> burn compressed compost?

Mandatory food gardens

Cool Healthy Eating images

Life Mounds by Charles Jencks

Check out these cell membrane images:

Life Mounds by Charles Jencks


Image by josiequilts

Artist Statement

Eight landforms and a connecting causeway surround four lakes and a flat parterre for sculpture exhibits. The theme is the life of the cell, cells as the basic units of life, and the way one cell divides into two in stages called mitosis (presented in a red sandstone rill). Curving concrete seats have cell models surrounded by Liesegang rocks. Their red iron concentric circles bear an uncanny relationship to the many organelles inside the units of life. From above, the layout presents their early division into membranes and nuclei, a landform celebration of the cell as the basis of life.

B0007833 Human appendix infected with measles virus


Image by wellcome images

B0007833 Human appendix infected with measles virus

Credit: Dr Stephen McQuaid & Stewart Church / QUB / Wellcome Images

images@wellcome.ac.uk
images.wellcome.ac.uk

Fluorescent micrograph showing a section of human appendix infected with the measles virus. Measles is highly contagious virus transmitted though contact with mucous membranes of an infected person (mouth or nose) or airborne water droplets. It is primarily a respiratory disease and symptoms include coughing, sneezing, high fever and can lead to pneumonia. .

.

This image shows cells of the appendix infected with the virus. The measles virus is shown in green, cytokeratin is shown in red, which marks the epithelium, and Dapi staining highlights the cell nucleus in blue.

Fluorescence microscopy

Published: –

Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc-nd 2.0 UK, see images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html

Life Mounds by Charles Jencks

Big Rich Texas Botox Party Frisco TX

Check out these weight loss images:

Big Rich Texas Botox Party Frisco TX


Image by Oceanview Med Spa

This is licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons. You are free to use this photo – please give attribution to Oceanview Medical Weight Loss Spa of Frisco, TX and link back to www.oceanviewweightlossmedical.com

Big Rich Texas Botox Party Frisco TX


Image by Oceanview Med Spa

This is licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons. You are free to use this photo – please give attribution to Oceanview Medical Weight Loss Spa of Frisco, TX and link back to www.oceanviewweightlossmedical.com

Big Rich Texas Botox Party Frisco TX


Image by Oceanview Med Spa

This is licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons. You are free to use this photo – please give attribution to Oceanview Medical Weight Loss Spa of Frisco, TX and link back to www.oceanviewweightlossmedical.com

Big Rich Texas Botox Party Frisco TX

Dumpy Tree Frog

Some cool cell membrane images:

Dumpy Tree Frog


Image by wallygrom

Litorea caerulea

www.worthing-aquatics.com/

www.manornursery.net

From Wikipedia -

The Australian Green Tree Frog, simply Green Tree Frog in Australia, White’s Tree Frog, or Dumpy Tree Frog (Litoria caerulea) is a species of tree frog native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in New Zealand and the United States. The species belongs to the genus Litoria. It is physiologically similar to some species of the genus, particularly the Magnificent Tree Frog (Litoria splendida) and the Giant Tree Frog (Litoria infrafrenata).

The Green Tree Frog is larger than most Australian frogs, reaching 10 centimetres (4 inches) in length. The average lifespan of the frog in captivity, about sixteen years, is long in comparison with most frogs. Green Tree Frogs are docile and well suited to living near human dwellings. They are often found on windows or inside houses, eating insects drawn by the light.

Due to its physical and behavioural traits, the Green Tree Frog has become one of the most recognisable frogs in its region, and is a popular exotic pet throughout the world. The skin secretions of the frog have antibacterial and antiviral properties that may prove useful in pharmaceutical preparations.

The Green Tree Frog shares the Litoria genus with dozens of frog species endemic to Australasia. The common name of the species, "White’s Tree Frog", is in honour of John White’s first description in 1790. The Green Tree Frog was the first Australian frog scientifically classified.

The species was originally called the "blue frog" (Rana caerulea) despite its green colour. The original specimens White sent to England were damaged by the preservative and appeared blue. The colour of the frog is caused by blue and green pigments covered in a yellow layer; the preservative destroyed the yellow layer and left the frog with a blue appearance. The specific epithet, caerulea, which is Latin for blue, has remained. The frog is also known more simply as the "Green Tree Frog." However, that name is often given to the most common large green tree frog in a region, for example, the American green tree frog (Hyla cinerea).

The Green Tree Frog can grow up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length. Its color depends on the temperature and color of the environment, ranging from brown to green; the ventral surface is white. The frog occasionally has small, white, irregularly shaped spots on its back, up to five millimeters in diameter, which increase in number with age. The frog has large discs at the end of its toes, of about five millimeters in diameter at maturity. These help the frogs grip while climbing and allow them to climb vertically on glass. The eyes are golden and have horizontal irises, typical of the Litoria genus. The fingers are about one-third webbed, and the toes nearly three-quarters webbed. The tympanum (a skin membrane similar to an eardrum) is visible.

The Green Tree Frog is sometimes confused with the Magnificent Tree Frog (Litoria splendida), which inhabits only north-western Australia and can be distinguished by the presence of large parotoids and rostral glands on the head. The Giant Tree Frog (Litoria infrafrenata) is also sometimes confused with the Green Tree Frog. The main difference is a distinct white stripe along the edge of the lower jaw of the Giant Tree Frog, which is not present in the Green Tree Frog.

The tadpole’s appearance changes throughout its development. The length of the species’ tadpoles ranges from 8.1 millimeters (once hatched) to 44 millimeters. They are initially mottled with brown, which increases in pigmentation (to green or brown) during development. The underside begins dark and then lightens, eventually to white in adults. The eggs are brown, in a clear jelly and are 1.1–1.4 millimeters in diameter.

Although frogs have lungs, they absorb oxygen through their skin, and for this to occur efficiently, the skin must be moist. A disadvantage of moist skin is that pathogens can thrive on it, increasing the chance of infection. To counteract this, frogs secrete peptides that destroy these pathogens. The skin secretion from the Green Tree Frog contains caerins, a group of peptides with antibacterial and antiviral properties. It also contains caerulins, which have the same physiological effects as CCK-8, a digestive hormone and hunger suppressant. Several peptides from the skin secretions of the Green Tree Frog have been found to destroy HIV without harming healthy T-cells.

The Green Tree Frog is native to northern and eastern regions of Australia and to southern New Guinea. Distribution is limited mostly to areas with a warm, wet tropical climate. In New Guinea, the Green Tree Frog is restricted to the drier, southern region. Its range spans from Irian Jaya to Port Moresby, and is most abundant on Daru Island. There have been isolated records in northern New Guinea, however this is thought to have been through introduction by humans. The International Conservation Union (IUCN) suggests "scattered locations" in both New Guinea and Indonesia.

The species has been introduced to both the United States and New Zealand. In the United States, it is restricted to two regions within Florida, where it was possibly introduced through the pet trade. Only small populations have been found in Florida, and it is unknown whether they have caused any ecological damage as an invasive species. In New Zealand, a population was once present; however, there have been no sightings since the 1950s.

Green Tree Frogs are very docile. They are nocturnal and come out in early evenings to call (in spring and summer) and hunt at night. During the day they find cool, dark, and moist areas to sleep. During winter, Green Tree Frogs do not call and are not usually seen.

Depending on their location, Green Tree Frogs occupy various habitats. Typically, they are found in the canopy of trees near a still-water source. However, they can survive in swamps (among the reeds) or in grasslands in cooler climates. Green Tree Frogs are well known for inhabiting water sources inside houses, such as sinks or toilets. They can also be found on windows eating insects. They will occupy tanks (cisterns), downpipes (downspouts), and gutters, as these have a high humidity and are usually cooler than the external environment. The frogs are drawn to downpipes and tanks during mating season, as the fixtures amplify their call.

The species’ call is a low, slow Brawk-Brawk-Brawk, repeated many times. For most of the year, they call from high positions, such as trees and gutters. During mating season the frogs descend, although remaining slightly elevated, and call close to still-water sources, whether temporary or permanent. Like many frogs, Green Tree Frogs call not only to attract a mate. They have been observed calling to advertise their location outside the mating season, usually after rain, for reasons that are uncertain to researchers. They will emit a stress call whenever they are in danger, such as when predators are close or when a person steps on a log in which a frog resides.

The species’ diet consists mainly of insects and spiders, but can include smaller frogs and even small mammals. Frog teeth are not suited to cutting up prey, so the prey must fit inside the mouth of the frog. Many frogs propel their sticky tongues at prey. The prey sticks, and is consumed. A Green Tree Frog will use this technique for smaller prey; however for larger prey, it pounces, then forces the prey into its mouth with its hands.

The frog has a few native predators, among them snakes and a few species of lizards and birds. Since the European settlement of Australia, non-native predators have been introduced, primarily dogs and cats. The species has an average life expectancy in captivity of sixteen years, but some have been known to live for over twenty years, which is long for a frog. The average life expectancy in the wild is lower than in captivity, due to predation.

As a pet

The Green Tree Frog is one of the most popular pet frogs throughout the world. Its docile nature, often cartoon-like appearance, and long life expectancy make it an attractive choice for exotic-pet owners. It is also one of the easier frogs to care for: their diet is broad and they have a strong resistance to disease. One problem commonly associated with keeping this species as a pet is overfeeding; Green Tree Frogs tend to become obese if overfed. In the wild, exertion of energy is required for a frog to capture its prey. However, in captivity they are usually given live feed in a confined space. This lessens the activity needed for feeding, resulting in weight gain. An overweight member of the species will deposit fat layers over the top of the head and body, giving it "dumpy" appearance. Thus the name, "Dumpy Tree Frog."

Conservation

Australian law gives protected status to the Green Tree Frog – along with all Australian fauna – under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The IUCN lists it as a "least concern" species, given its broad range and population, balanced habitats, and because it is likely not declining fast enough for more threatened status.

Much of the Green Tree Frog’s natural habitat has been destroyed. Also, some of the frogs have been found infected with chytrid fungus (causing chytridiomycosis). These two factors associated with the general decline in frog populations in Australia threaten to reduce the population of the Green Tree Frog. However, because of the long life expectancy of this species, any effects of a reduced reproduction rate will take longer to spot than they would in a species with a shorter life expectancy.

Dumpy Tree Frog


Image by wallygrom

Litorea caerulea

www.worthing-aquatics.com/

www.manornursery.net

From Wikipedia -

The Australian Green Tree Frog, simply Green Tree Frog in Australia, White’s Tree Frog, or Dumpy Tree Frog (Litoria caerulea) is a species of tree frog native to Australia and New Guinea, with introduced populations in New Zealand and the United States. The species belongs to the genus Litoria. It is physiologically similar to some species of the genus, particularly the Magnificent Tree Frog (Litoria splendida) and the Giant Tree Frog (Litoria infrafrenata).

The Green Tree Frog is larger than most Australian frogs, reaching 10 centimetres (4 inches) in length. The average lifespan of the frog in captivity, about sixteen years, is long in comparison with most frogs. Green Tree Frogs are docile and well suited to living near human dwellings. They are often found on windows or inside houses, eating insects drawn by the light.

Due to its physical and behavioural traits, the Green Tree Frog has become one of the most recognisable frogs in its region, and is a popular exotic pet throughout the world. The skin secretions of the frog have antibacterial and antiviral properties that may prove useful in pharmaceutical preparations.

The Green Tree Frog shares the Litoria genus with dozens of frog species endemic to Australasia. The common name of the species, "White’s Tree Frog", is in honour of John White’s first description in 1790. The Green Tree Frog was the first Australian frog scientifically classified.

The species was originally called the "blue frog" (Rana caerulea) despite its green colour. The original specimens White sent to England were damaged by the preservative and appeared blue. The colour of the frog is caused by blue and green pigments covered in a yellow layer; the preservative destroyed the yellow layer and left the frog with a blue appearance. The specific epithet, caerulea, which is Latin for blue, has remained. The frog is also known more simply as the "Green Tree Frog." However, that name is often given to the most common large green tree frog in a region, for example, the American green tree frog (Hyla cinerea).

The Green Tree Frog can grow up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length. Its color depends on the temperature and color of the environment, ranging from brown to green; the ventral surface is white. The frog occasionally has small, white, irregularly shaped spots on its back, up to five millimeters in diameter, which increase in number with age. The frog has large discs at the end of its toes, of about five millimeters in diameter at maturity. These help the frogs grip while climbing and allow them to climb vertically on glass. The eyes are golden and have horizontal irises, typical of the Litoria genus. The fingers are about one-third webbed, and the toes nearly three-quarters webbed. The tympanum (a skin membrane similar to an eardrum) is visible.

The Green Tree Frog is sometimes confused with the Magnificent Tree Frog (Litoria splendida), which inhabits only north-western Australia and can be distinguished by the presence of large parotoids and rostral glands on the head. The Giant Tree Frog (Litoria infrafrenata) is also sometimes confused with the Green Tree Frog. The main difference is a distinct white stripe along the edge of the lower jaw of the Giant Tree Frog, which is not present in the Green Tree Frog.

The tadpole’s appearance changes throughout its development. The length of the species’ tadpoles ranges from 8.1 millimeters (once hatched) to 44 millimeters. They are initially mottled with brown, which increases in pigmentation (to green or brown) during development. The underside begins dark and then lightens, eventually to white in adults. The eggs are brown, in a clear jelly and are 1.1–1.4 millimeters in diameter.

Although frogs have lungs, they absorb oxygen through their skin, and for this to occur efficiently, the skin must be moist. A disadvantage of moist skin is that pathogens can thrive on it, increasing the chance of infection. To counteract this, frogs secrete peptides that destroy these pathogens. The skin secretion from the Green Tree Frog contains caerins, a group of peptides with antibacterial and antiviral properties. It also contains caerulins, which have the same physiological effects as CCK-8, a digestive hormone and hunger suppressant. Several peptides from the skin secretions of the Green Tree Frog have been found to destroy HIV without harming healthy T-cells.

The Green Tree Frog is native to northern and eastern regions of Australia and to southern New Guinea. Distribution is limited mostly to areas with a warm, wet tropical climate. In New Guinea, the Green Tree Frog is restricted to the drier, southern region. Its range spans from Irian Jaya to Port Moresby, and is most abundant on Daru Island. There have been isolated records in northern New Guinea, however this is thought to have been through introduction by humans. The International Conservation Union (IUCN) suggests "scattered locations" in both New Guinea and Indonesia.

The species has been introduced to both the United States and New Zealand. In the United States, it is restricted to two regions within Florida, where it was possibly introduced through the pet trade. Only small populations have been found in Florida, and it is unknown whether they have caused any ecological damage as an invasive species. In New Zealand, a population was once present; however, there have been no sightings since the 1950s.

Green Tree Frogs are very docile. They are nocturnal and come out in early evenings to call (in spring and summer) and hunt at night. During the day they find cool, dark, and moist areas to sleep. During winter, Green Tree Frogs do not call and are not usually seen.

Depending on their location, Green Tree Frogs occupy various habitats. Typically, they are found in the canopy of trees near a still-water source. However, they can survive in swamps (among the reeds) or in grasslands in cooler climates. Green Tree Frogs are well known for inhabiting water sources inside houses, such as sinks or toilets. They can also be found on windows eating insects. They will occupy tanks (cisterns), downpipes (downspouts), and gutters, as these have a high humidity and are usually cooler than the external environment. The frogs are drawn to downpipes and tanks during mating season, as the fixtures amplify their call.

The species’ call is a low, slow Brawk-Brawk-Brawk, repeated many times. For most of the year, they call from high positions, such as trees and gutters. During mating season the frogs descend, although remaining slightly elevated, and call close to still-water sources, whether temporary or permanent. Like many frogs, Green Tree Frogs call not only to attract a mate. They have been observed calling to advertise their location outside the mating season, usually after rain, for reasons that are uncertain to researchers. They will emit a stress call whenever they are in danger, such as when predators are close or when a person steps on a log in which a frog resides.

The species’ diet consists mainly of insects and spiders, but can include smaller frogs and even small mammals. Frog teeth are not suited to cutting up prey, so the prey must fit inside the mouth of the frog. Many frogs propel their sticky tongues at prey. The prey sticks, and is consumed. A Green Tree Frog will use this technique for smaller prey; however for larger prey, it pounces, then forces the prey into its mouth with its hands.

The frog has a few native predators, among them snakes and a few species of lizards and birds. Since the European settlement of Australia, non-native predators have been introduced, primarily dogs and cats. The species has an average life expectancy in captivity of sixteen years, but some have been known to live for over twenty years, which is long for a frog. The average life expectancy in the wild is lower than in captivity, due to predation.

As a pet

The Green Tree Frog is one of the most popular pet frogs throughout the world. Its docile nature, often cartoon-like appearance, and long life expectancy make it an attractive choice for exotic-pet owners. It is also one of the easier frogs to care for: their diet is broad and they have a strong resistance to disease. One problem commonly associated with keeping this species as a pet is overfeeding; Green Tree Frogs tend to become obese if overfed. In the wild, exertion of energy is required for a frog to capture its prey. However, in captivity they are usually given live feed in a confined space. This lessens the activity needed for feeding, resulting in weight gain. An overweight member of the species will deposit fat layers over the top of the head and body, giving it "dumpy" appearance. Thus the name, "Dumpy Tree Frog."

Conservation

Australian law gives protected status to the Green Tree Frog – along with all Australian fauna – under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The IUCN lists it as a "least concern" species, given its broad range and population, balanced habitats, and because it is likely not declining fast enough for more threatened status.

Much of the Green Tree Frog’s natural habitat has been destroyed. Also, some of the frogs have been found infected with chytrid fungus (causing chytridiomycosis). These two factors associated with the general decline in frog populations in Australia threaten to reduce the population of the Green Tree Frog. However, because of the long life expectancy of this species, any effects of a reduced reproduction rate will take longer to spot than they would in a species with a shorter life expectancy.

Dumpy Tree Frog

Cool Healthy Eating images

A few nice healthy eating images I found:

Forum for Healthy Behavior Change 26812


Image by tedeytan

Raymond J. Baxter, PhD, senior vice president, Community Benefit, Research, and Health Policy, at Kaiser Permanente presents on the topic "Behavior Change: A Total Health Imperative." All photographs by Nicka Smith, Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Policy

Forum for Healthy Behavior Change 26908


Image by tedeytan

David A. Berns, director, DC Government Department of Human Services, introduces Howard K. Koh, MD, MPH. All photographs by Nicka Smith, Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Policy

Forum for Healthy Behavior Change 26902


Image by tedeytan

Howard K. Koh, MD, MPH, assistant secretary for health, US Department of Health and Human Services, presents "Connecting Policy with Partners to Prevent Obesity." All photographs by Nicka Smith, Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Policy

Cool Healthy Eating images

American Black Elderberry, Common Ellderberry, Sauco,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis 's flowers .... Tràng hoa của cây Cơm Cháy ....#13

Check out these cell membrane images:

American Black Elderberry, Common Ellderberry, Sauco,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis ‘s flowers …. Tràng hoa của cây Cơm Cháy ….#13


Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants

Hoa Cơm Cháy rất nhỏ có mùi thơm nhẹ nhàng.

Very tiny flowers with softly fragrant.

Taken on July 6, 2012 in Waco city, Texas state, Southern of America .

Có thể gặp loài cây này ở vùng Bắc bộ hay các vùng cao nguyên thuộc tỉnh Đắc Lắc ở nước ta .

Can see these plants in Highland areas or Northern provinces of Viet Nam, my country

Vietnamese named : Cơm Cháy, Cơm Cháy tròn.

Common names : American black elderberry, Common elderberry, Black elder, Mexican elderberry, Common elder, Elderberry, Tapiro, Sauco.

Scientist name : Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli.

Synonyms : Sambucus caerulea Raf. var. mexicana (C. Presl ex DC.) L.D. Benson, orth. var.

Sambucus canadensis L.

Sambucus canadensis L. var. laciniata A. Gray

Sambucus canadensis L. var. submollis Rehder

Sambucus cerulea Raf. var. mexicana (C. Presl ex DC.) L.D. Benson

Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC.

Sambucus orbiculata Greene

Sambucus simpsonii Rehder ex Sarg.

Family : Caprifoliaceae – Honeysuckle family.

Kingdom : Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass : Asteridae

Order : Dipsacales

Genus : Sambucus L. – elderberry

Species : Sambucus nigra L. – black elderberry

Subspecies : Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli – American black elderberry

**** english.vista.gov.vn/english/st_documents_abstract/200408… : Cơm Cháy tròn. : [Nghiên cứu tác dụng hạ đường huyết của hoa cơm cháy tròn (Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli]

**** vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Ng%C5%A9_ph%C3%BAc_hoa

**** timcay.com/cay-c%C6%A1m-chay

**** english.vista.gov.vn/english/st_documents_abstract/200408…

________________________________________________________________

**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=sanic4

**** www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SANIC4

**** www.fireflyforest.com/flowers/2299/sambucus-nigra-ssp-can…

**** www.wildflowersoftexas.com/sambucus-nigra-ssp-canadensis….

**** www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recNum=TS0229

**** www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/elderberry-002880.htm

Elderberry

Introduction:

Elderberry, or elder, has been used for centuries to treat wounds, when applied to the skin. It is also taken by mouth to treat respiratory illnesses such as cold and flu. In many countries, including Germany, elder flower is used to treat colds and flu. Some evidence suggests that chemicals in elder flower and berries may help reduce swelling in mucous membranes, such as the sinuses, and help relieve nasal congestion. Elder may have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties.

Elderberry also contains flavonoids, which have antioxidant properties and may help prevent damage to the body’ s cells. However, very few studies have been done in humans, so researchers don’t know how effective elder may be.

There are several species of elder, but Sambucus nigra, or European elder (also called black elder), is the one used most often for medicinal purposes. Avoid dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus), which can be toxic. Use a trusted preparation of elder because raw or unripe fruit — as well as the leaves, seeds, and bark — contain a chemical related to cyanide, which is poisonous.

Alternative Names:

Elder; Elder flower

Plant Description:

European elder is a large shrub or small tree that grows up to 30 feet tall in wet or dry soil in a sunny location. Elder is native to Europe, Africa, and parts of Asia, but it has become widespread in the United States. Deciduous leaves grow in opposite pairs and have five to seven leaflets. Flowers are white and flat-topped with five primary rays. Berries are green, turning red, then black when ripe.

Parts Used:

The berries and flowers are used as medicine. Berries must be cooked before they are taken. Raw berries contain a chemical similar to cyanide.

Medicinal Uses and Indications:

Coldsand Flu

Elderberry may help treat cold and flu symptoms by reducing congestion and possibly making you sweat more. One study suggested that using a standardized elderberry extract, Sambucol, could shorten the duration of flu by about 3 days. Sambucol also contains other herbs plus vitamin C, so no one knows whether elderberry by itself would have the same effect.

Another preliminary study found that a lozenge with elderberry extract (ViraBLOC) helped reduce flu symptoms when taken within 24 hours of symptoms starting. In the lab, one study suggested that elderberry could kill the H1N1 virus (“swine fluâ€) in test tubes, but researchers don’t know whether it would be effective against H1N1 in people.

Bacterial Sinusitis (Sinus Infection)

One study examined the use of a proprietary product, Sinupret, to treat bacterial sinusitis along with an antibiotic (doxycycline or Vibramycin) and a decongestant. People who took the combination did better compared to those who did not take Sinupret. However, Sinupret contains other herbs along with elderberry, so no one knows whether taking elderberry alone would work as well.

Available Forms:

Elderberry is available as a liquid, syrup, and tincture, as well as in capsule and lozenge forms. Dried elder flower is usually standardized to at least 0.8% flavonoids. Sambucol is standardized to 38% elderberry extract for adults and 19% for children. Sinupret contains 18 mg of elder flower.

How to Take It:

Pediatric

Do not give elderberry or any product containing elder to a child without first talking to your pediatrician.

Adult

Sinupret: 2 tablets taken three times a day for bacterial sinusitis

Sambucol: 4 tbsp. a day for three days for colds and flu

Tea: Steep 3 – 5 g dried elder flower in 1 cup boiling water for 10 – 15 minutes. Strain and drink three times per day.

Precautions:

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, you should should herbs only under the supervision of a health care provider.

Do not use unripe or uncooked elderberries. They may be poisonous.

Elderberry appears to have few side effects when used properly for short periods of time (up to 5 days).

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not take elderberry.

If you have an autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, you should ask your doctor before taking elderberry, as it may stimulate the immune system.

Possible Interactions:

If you are being treated with any of the following medications, you should talk to your health care provider before taking elderberry:

Diuretics (water pills) — Diuretics help the body get rid of excess fluid and increase the amount of urine your body makes. Elderberry may also act as a diuretic, so taking it along with a diuretic could make that drug stronger and raise your risk of dehydration. Diuretics include:

Hydrochlorothiazide

Bumetanide (Burinex)

Furosemide (Lasix)

Amiloride (Midamor)

Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

Diabetes medications — Elderberry may lower blood sugar levels. If you are also taking drugs for diabetes, taking elderberry may increase your risk of developing hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar.

Chemotherapy — Elderberry may interact with some chemotherapy drugs. If you are undergoing chemotherapy, ask your oncologist before taking any herb or supplement.

Laxatives — Elderberry may act like a laxative and should not be taken at the same time as other laxatives.

Theophylline (TheoDur) — Elderberry may reduce levels of theophylline, a drug taken for asthma and other respiratory conditions. That could make the drug not work as well.

Drugs that suppress the immune system — Because elderberry may stimulate the immune system, it could interfere with medications taken to suppress the immune system. These medications include corticosteroids (prednisone) and medications used to treat autoimmune diseases. People with organ transplants should also avoid elderberry.

Reviewed last on: 1/11/2012

Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

Supporting Research

Gray AM, Abdel-Wahab YH, Flatt PR. The traditional plant treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in vitro. J Nutr. 2000;130(1):15-20.

Kong F. Pilot clinical study on a proprietary elderberry extract: efficacy in addressing influenza symptoms. Online Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics. 2009;5:32-43.

Roschek B, Fink RC, McMichael MD, et al. Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry. 2009;70:1255-61.

Roxas M, Jurenka J. Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Mar;12(1):25-48. Review.

Uncini Manganelli RE, Zaccaro L, Tomei PE. Antiviral activity in vitro of Urtica dioica L., Parietaria diffusa M. et K. and Sambucus nigra L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Apr 26;98(3):323-7.

Vlachojannis JE, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother Res. 2010 Jan;24(1):1-8. Review.

Wright CI, Van-Buren L, Kroner CI, Koning MM. Herbal medicines as diuretics: A review of the scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Oct 8;114(1):1-31.

Zakay-Rones Z, Thom E, Wollan T, Wadstein J. Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J Int Med Res. 2004;32:132-40.

**** www.fruit.cornell.edu/mfruit/elderberries.html : Click on link to read more, please …

Elderberries are popular for their unusual taste in pies, jellies, and jams. They are occasionally used in winemaking.

………………………………………………………………

Diseases and Insects

Elderberry plants are generally free of pests, which makes them great for landscape plantings. Powdery mildew is a problem in some years, especially when it affects the fruit. Cane borers occasionally cause damage, but are usually not present in large numbers. Pruning out infested canes is the best remedy for home gardeners.

N0009820 MRI scan; brain metastases from skin cancer (melanoma)


Image by wellcome images

N0009820 MRI scan; brain metastases from skin cancer (melanoma)

Credit: Wellcome Photo Library. Wellcome Images

images@wellcome.ac.uk
images.wellcome.ac.uk

Magnetic resonance image (MRI) showing malignant melanoma, metastasis to brain. This is a malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world.

Magnetic resonance imaging

Published: –

Copyrighted work available under Creative Commons by-nc-nd 2.0 UK, see images.wellcome.ac.uk/indexplus/page/Prices.html

images.wellcome.ac.uk/ixbin/hixclient.exe?MIROPAC=N0009820

American Black Elderberry, Common Ellderberry, Sauco,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis 's flowers .... Tràng hoa của cây Cơm Cháy ....#13

Cool Weight Loss images

Check out these weight loss images:

Big Rich Texas Botox Party Frisco TX


Image by Oceanview Med Spa

This is licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons. You are free to use this photo – please give attribution to Oceanview Medical Weight Loss Spa of Frisco, TX and link back to www.oceanviewweightlossmedical.com

Big Rich Texas Botox Party Frisco TX


Image by Oceanview Med Spa

This is licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons. You are free to use this photo – please give attribution to Oceanview Medical Weight Loss Spa of Frisco, TX and link back to www.oceanviewweightlossmedical.com

Big Rich Texas Botox Party Frisco TX


Image by Oceanview Med Spa

This is licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike Creative Commons. You are free to use this photo – please give attribution to Oceanview Medical Weight Loss Spa of Frisco, TX and link back to www.oceanviewweightlossmedical.com

Cool Weight Loss images

Weight Loss

A few nice weight loss images I found:

Weight Loss


Image by Ian D

Current weight loss since Sept 07

Percent of my body weight that has changed week to week on Weight Watchers


Image by sharpchick

The negative bars are losses. The positive bars are gains. This is expressed in percent of weight loss that week (so # pounds lost that week / weight the week before), not # of pounds.

If there’s no bar, it means either a maintain or I didn’t weigh in.

Weight Loss

Nice Cell Membrane photos

A few nice cell membrane images I found:

American Black Elderberry, Common Ellderberry, Sauco,Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis ‘s flowers close up …. Chụp gần hoa của cây Cơm Cháy ….#14


Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants

Hoa Cơm Cháy rất nhỏ có mùi thơm nhẹ nhàng.

Very tiny flowers with softly fragrant.

Taken on July 6, 2012 in Waco city, Texas state, Southern of America .

Có thể gặp loài cây này ở vùng Bắc bộ hay các vùng cao nguyên thuộc tỉnh Đắc Lắc ở nước ta .

Can see these plants in Highland areas or Northern provinces of Viet Nam, my country

Vietnamese named : Cơm Cháy, Cơm Cháy tròn.

Common names : American black elderberry, Common elderberry, Black elder, Mexican elderberry, Common elder, Elderberry, Tapiro, Sauco.

Scientist name : Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli.

Synonyms : Sambucus caerulea Raf. var. mexicana (C. Presl ex DC.) L.D. Benson, orth. var.

Sambucus canadensis L.

Sambucus canadensis L. var. laciniata A. Gray

Sambucus canadensis L. var. submollis Rehder

Sambucus cerulea Raf. var. mexicana (C. Presl ex DC.) L.D. Benson

Sambucus mexicana C. Presl ex DC.

Sambucus orbiculata Greene

Sambucus simpsonii Rehder ex Sarg.

Family : Caprifoliaceae – Honeysuckle family

Kingdom : Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass : Asteridae

Order : Dipsacales

Genus : Sambucus L. – elderberry

Species : Sambucus nigra L. – black elderberry

Subspecies : Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli – American black elderberry

**** english.vista.gov.vn/english/st_documents_abstract/200408… : Cơm Cháy tròn. : [Nghiên cứu tác dụng hạ đường huyết của hoa cơm cháy tròn (Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli]

**** vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Ng%C5%A9_ph%C3%BAc_hoa

**** timcay.com/cay-c%C6%A1m-chay

**** english.vista.gov.vn/english/st_documents_abstract/200408…

________________________________________________________________

**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=sanic4

**** www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SANIC4

**** www.fireflyforest.com/flowers/2299/sambucus-nigra-ssp-can…

**** www.wildflowersoftexas.com/sambucus-nigra-ssp-canadensis….

**** www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recNum=TS0229

**** www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/elderberry-002880.htm

Elderberry

Introduction:

Elderberry, or elder, has been used for centuries to treat wounds, when applied to the skin. It is also taken by mouth to treat respiratory illnesses such as cold and flu. In many countries, including Germany, elder flower is used to treat colds and flu. Some evidence suggests that chemicals in elder flower and berries may help reduce swelling in mucous membranes, such as the sinuses, and help relieve nasal congestion. Elder may have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties.

Elderberry also contains flavonoids, which have antioxidant properties and may help prevent damage to the body’ s cells. However, very few studies have been done in humans, so researchers don’t know how effective elder may be.

There are several species of elder, but Sambucus nigra, or European elder (also called black elder), is the one used most often for medicinal purposes. Avoid dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus), which can be toxic. Use a trusted preparation of elder because raw or unripe fruit — as well as the leaves, seeds, and bark — contain a chemical related to cyanide, which is poisonous.

Alternative Names:

Elder; Elder flower

Plant Description:

European elder is a large shrub or small tree that grows up to 30 feet tall in wet or dry soil in a sunny location. Elder is native to Europe, Africa, and parts of Asia, but it has become widespread in the United States. Deciduous leaves grow in opposite pairs and have five to seven leaflets. Flowers are white and flat-topped with five primary rays. Berries are green, turning red, then black when ripe.

Parts Used:

The berries and flowers are used as medicine. Berries must be cooked before they are taken. Raw berries contain a chemical similar to cyanide.

Medicinal Uses and Indications:

Coldsand Flu

Elderberry may help treat cold and flu symptoms by reducing congestion and possibly making you sweat more. One study suggested that using a standardized elderberry extract, Sambucol, could shorten the duration of flu by about 3 days. Sambucol also contains other herbs plus vitamin C, so no one knows whether elderberry by itself would have the same effect.

Another preliminary study found that a lozenge with elderberry extract (ViraBLOC) helped reduce flu symptoms when taken within 24 hours of symptoms starting. In the lab, one study suggested that elderberry could kill the H1N1 virus (“swine fluâ€) in test tubes, but researchers don’t know whether it would be effective against H1N1 in people.

Bacterial Sinusitis (Sinus Infection)

One study examined the use of a proprietary product, Sinupret, to treat bacterial sinusitis along with an antibiotic (doxycycline or Vibramycin) and a decongestant. People who took the combination did better compared to those who did not take Sinupret. However, Sinupret contains other herbs along with elderberry, so no one knows whether taking elderberry alone would work as well.

Available Forms:

Elderberry is available as a liquid, syrup, and tincture, as well as in capsule and lozenge forms. Dried elder flower is usually standardized to at least 0.8% flavonoids. Sambucol is standardized to 38% elderberry extract for adults and 19% for children. Sinupret contains 18 mg of elder flower.

How to Take It:

Pediatric

Do not give elderberry or any product containing elder to a child without first talking to your pediatrician.

Adult

Sinupret: 2 tablets taken three times a day for bacterial sinusitis

Sambucol: 4 tbsp. a day for three days for colds and flu

Tea: Steep 3 – 5 g dried elder flower in 1 cup boiling water for 10 – 15 minutes. Strain and drink three times per day.

Precautions:

The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, can trigger side effects and interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications. For these reasons, you should should herbs only under the supervision of a health care provider.

Do not use unripe or uncooked elderberries. They may be poisonous.

Elderberry appears to have few side effects when used properly for short periods of time (up to 5 days).

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should not take elderberry.

If you have an autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, you should ask your doctor before taking elderberry, as it may stimulate the immune system.

Possible Interactions:

If you are being treated with any of the following medications, you should talk to your health care provider before taking elderberry:

Diuretics (water pills) — Diuretics help the body get rid of excess fluid and increase the amount of urine your body makes. Elderberry may also act as a diuretic, so taking it along with a diuretic could make that drug stronger and raise your risk of dehydration. Diuretics include:

Hydrochlorothiazide

Bumetanide (Burinex)

Furosemide (Lasix)

Amiloride (Midamor)

Metolazone (Zaroxolyn)

Diabetes medications — Elderberry may lower blood sugar levels. If you are also taking drugs for diabetes, taking elderberry may increase your risk of developing hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar.

Chemotherapy — Elderberry may interact with some chemotherapy drugs. If you are undergoing chemotherapy, ask your oncologist before taking any herb or supplement.

Laxatives — Elderberry may act like a laxative and should not be taken at the same time as other laxatives.

Theophylline (TheoDur) — Elderberry may reduce levels of theophylline, a drug taken for asthma and other respiratory conditions. That could make the drug not work as well.

Drugs that suppress the immune system — Because elderberry may stimulate the immune system, it could interfere with medications taken to suppress the immune system. These medications include corticosteroids (prednisone) and medications used to treat autoimmune diseases. People with organ transplants should also avoid elderberry.

Reviewed last on: 1/11/2012

Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, Solutions Acupuncture, a private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

Supporting Research

Gray AM, Abdel-Wahab YH, Flatt PR. The traditional plant treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in vitro. J Nutr. 2000;130(1):15-20.

Kong F. Pilot clinical study on a proprietary elderberry extract: efficacy in addressing influenza symptoms. Online Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics. 2009;5:32-43.

Roschek B, Fink RC, McMichael MD, et al. Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry. 2009;70:1255-61.

Roxas M, Jurenka J. Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern Med Rev. 2007 Mar;12(1):25-48. Review.

Uncini Manganelli RE, Zaccaro L, Tomei PE. Antiviral activity in vitro of Urtica dioica L., Parietaria diffusa M. et K. and Sambucus nigra L. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Apr 26;98(3):323-7.

Vlachojannis JE, Cameron M, Chrubasik S. A systematic review on the sambuci fructus effect and efficacy profiles. Phytother Res. 2010 Jan;24(1):1-8. Review.

Wright CI, Van-Buren L, Kroner CI, Koning MM. Herbal medicines as diuretics: A review of the scientific evidence. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007 Oct 8;114(1):1-31.

Zakay-Rones Z, Thom E, Wollan T, Wadstein J. Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. J Int Med Res. 2004;32:132-40.

**** www.fruit.cornell.edu/mfruit/elderberries.html : Click on link to read more, please …

Elderberries are popular for their unusual taste in pies, jellies, and jams. They are occasionally used in winemaking.

………………………………………………………………

Diseases and Insects

Elderberry plants are generally free of pests, which makes them great for landscape plantings. Powdery mildew is a problem in some years, especially when it affects the fruit. Cane borers occasionally cause damage, but are usually not present in large numbers. Pruning out infested canes is the best remedy for home gardeners.

Nice Cell Membrane photos

Cool Healthy Eating images

Check out these healthy eating images:

Forum for Healthy Behavior Change 26853


Image by tedeytan

All photographs by Nicka Smith, Kaiser Permanente Institute for Health Policy

Cool Healthy Eating images

Nice Cell Membrane photos

Check out these cell membrane images:

Huisache, Sweet acacia, Acacia farnesiana……Keo thơm; Keo ta, Mâm côi…..#4


Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants

Chụp hình tại thành phố Waco, tiểu bang Texas, miền Nam nước Mỹ .

Taken in Waco city, Texas state, southern of The USA.

Vietnamese named : Keo thơm; Keo ta, Mâm côi

Common names : Huisache, Sweet acacia, Mealy wattle, Needle Bush.

Scientist name : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.

Synonyms : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. var. farnesiana, Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch. , Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch. ssp. densiflora (Alexander ex Small) Beauch. , Acacia smallii Isely, Mimosa farnesiana L. ,

Pithecellobium minutum M.E. Jones, Vachellia densiflora Alexander ex Small, Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.

Family : Fabaceae – Pea family

Group : Dicot

Duration : Perennial

Growth Habit : Tree – Shrub

Kingdom : Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass : Rosidae

Order : Fabales

Genus : Acacia Mill. – acacia

Species : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. – sweet acacia

**** botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Acacia%20farnesiana…

Cây bụi hay cây nhỏ cao 2 – 4m, cành vặn nhiều hay ít, không đều, nhẵn; lá kèm biến thành gai, nhọn, dài 1 – 2cm. Lá kép lông chim hai lần, có 4 – 8 cặp lá chét bậc nhất; các lá này lại mang 10 – 20 đôi lá chét bậc hai hình dải dài 3 – 4cm, rộng 3 – 4mm.

Cụm hoa là những đầu hình cầu có cuống, xếp thành bó gồm nhiều hoa màu vàng nghệ. Quả màu nâu đen, hình trụ thẳng hay cong, dài 4 – 7cm, rộng 1 – 1,3 cm, chứa khoảng 10 hạt. Hạt rất cứng, hình bầu dục dẹt, màu hung, bao bởi một lớp thịt trắng.

Loài liên nhiệt đới, có thể có nguồn gốc từ Cuba hay Nam Mỹ, ngày nay được trồng và thuần hóa ở châu Mỹ; châu Phi và Ôxtrâylia. Ở Việt Nam, có gặp từ Phú Thọ, Hà Nội, Nam Định, Huế, Đà Nẵng vào Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Long An và An Giang.

Cây mọc hoang ở dọc đường đi, chỗ sáng từ vùng thấp lên đến độ cao 500 m.

Cây trồng làm cảnh có hoa rất thơm, có thể dùng chiết tinh dầu. Tinh dầu này có mùi mạnh, nóng và bền, được sử dụng làm hương liệu. Vỏ cây chứa tanin cũng được dùng làm thuốc thu liễm, cầm máu; nước sắc vỏ dùng rửa trong bệnh lậu; cũng có thể dùng để nhuộm. Lá dùng luộc chín lấy nước rửa và bã đắp mụn nhọt.

Quả chứa tanin và có chất gôm, cũng được dùng làm thuốc cầm máu; còn dùng nấu nước gội đầu cho sạch gầu; hạt dùng tẩy giun đũa.

Ở Lào, thân cây được dùng sắc nước uống trị sốt, thủy thũng và dùng cho phụ nữ sinh đẻ.

Ở Vân Nam (Trung Quốc), rễ, quả và chất gôm được sử dụng; rễ và quả làm thuốc khai uất, khư đàm, thanh nhiệt chỉ huyết … dùng trị dao chém, gãy xương; còn gôm dùng thay bạch giao trị trúng phong thổ ra đờm, trúng nắng bị hôn mê, chân tay co giật, viêm nhánh khí quản và ho khan do cảm mạo.

**** www.lrc-hueuni.edu.vn/dongy/show_target.plx?url=/thuocdon…

Keo ta, Keo thơm hay Mâm côi – Acacia farnesiana Willd., thuộc họ Đậu – Fabaceae.

Mô tả: Cây bụi hay cây nhỏ cao 2-4m, cành vặn nhiều hay ít, không đều, nhẵn; lá kèm biến thành gai, nhọn, dài 1-2cm. Lá kép lông chim hai lần, có 4-8 cặp lá chét bậc nhất; các lá này lại mang 10-20 đôi lá chét bậc hai hình dải dài 3-4cm, rộng 3-4mm. Cụm hoa là những đầu hình cầu có cuống, xếp thành bó gồm nhiều hoa màu vàng nghệ. Quả màu nâu đen hình trụ thẳng hay cong, dài 4-7cm, rộng 1-1,3cm, chứa khoảng 10 hạt. Hạt rất cứng, hình bầu dục dẹt, màu hung, bao bởi một lớp thịt trắng.

Cây ra hoa tháng 5-11, có quả tháng 7-12.

Bộ phận dùng: Vỏ, rễ, lá, quả và hạt – Cortex, Radix, Folium, Fructus et Semen Acaciae Farnesianae.

Nơi sống và thu hái: Loài liên nhiệt đới mọc hoang. Cũng được trồng làm cây cảnh và lấy hoa chiết tinh dầu thơm. Thu hái các bộ phận của cây quanh năm.

Thành phần hoá học: Cành và quả có chất gôm hoà tan, giàu tanin (ở quả 23%). Hoa chứa tinh dầu, hàm lượng 0,1-0,2%, trong đó có alcol: farnesol, geraniol, linalol… và một ether là salicylat metyl.

Tính vị, tác dụng: Tinh dầu có mùi mạnh, nóng và bền. Cây có tính chất làm se, tạo nhầy. Vỏ rễ thu liễm; rễ và lá nối gân xương.

Công dụng: Vỏ dùng làm thuốc thu liễm cầm máu. Nước sắc vỏ dùng rửa trong bệnh lậu. Lá rất dịu, đem luộc chín dùng đắp mụn nhọt, còn nước thì dùng rửa. Quả dùng nấu nước gội đầu. Hạt dùng để tẩy giun đũa.

Ở Trung quốc, rễ, lá dùng trị dao chém, gãy xương.

______________________________________________________________________________

**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=acfa

**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_farnesiana

**** www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/acacia_farnesiana…

**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+farnesiana

**** www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/PF000113.HTM

Description

Woody shrub up to 7 m high, but usually 1-3 m, very branched with an intricate habit, very spiny. Bark grey-brown smooth or scaly, twigs often zigzagged (sympodic growth), leaves alternate, shortly petiolated, bipinnate with 2-4 pairs of pinnulae having 8-10 (20) pairs of leaflets each leaflets obtuse of a green-bluish colour, 3-6 x 1-2 mm. Stipulate axillary pairs of thorns 0.2-3 cm long, sometimes lacking. Flowers of an orange color, very fragrant with a smell of violet, grouped in 50 or more globose heads 1.5-2.0 cm in diameter, grouped by 2-3, or isolated on an 8-35 mm long slender, hairy-downy peduncle. The fruit is a green pod, turning black or dark brown at maturity, thick, indehiscent, cylindrical, 4-8 cm long and 0.8-1.5 cm in diameter, each contains 12 to 14 seeds. Seeds transversally set in the pods, ovoid, compressed, 6-7 x 4-5 mm, coated with a characteristic whitish medulla. Life span 10-50 years.

Habitat

It’s often inadvertent introduction and subsequent naturalization is due to its flexible ecological requirements and readily high germination rate which makes it able to colonize disturbed land left open by the elimination of native vegetation.

Soil

It is one of the few woody plants which grows naturally on the heavy, cracking calcareous clay grasslands in north-west Queensland and along stream banks in northern Australia. It is also one of the few species which can persist along highly saline artesian watering drains for sheep and cattle, where it also provides valuable shade.

Distribution

A. farnesiana originates from North and Central American tropics and subtropics : South USA, North Mexico where it is known as "Huisache". It was introduced to Europe in the 17 th century, thence spread and became naturalized in many of the world’s subtropical and tropical arid lands : North Africa, Sahel, East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, India, Australia. Now common throughout the tropics. Formerly a garden plant. Common in Viti Levu (Fiji), and northern Australia, southern Australia, southern France and Africa.

Crop management

Considered one of the worst weeds in Fiji (Mune and Parham, 1967) and is also a problem in the Northern Territory of Australia (Hall, 1967).

In Fiji, it is controlled manually by digging out roots and seedlings; by building a fire around the stems at ground level and maintaining a fierce heat for several hours; or by spraying seedlings and young plants with 1.6 kg. acid equivalent of 2,4,5-T ester diluted in 180 litres of water or diesel fuel oil applied as a fine spray to the leaves and stems. Spraying will most likely need to be repeated. Mature bushes should be sprayed with a basal application of 2,4,5-T ester at the rate of 1.6 kg. acid equivalent diluted in 270 litres of diesel fuel oil. The mixture is applied as a fine spray or painted on the dry bark at the base of the stems from ground level to a height of 1 metre, to thoroughly wet the bark. Shrubs so treated take three to six months to die. Hall (1967) recommends treating cut stumps with a mixture of 1 kg. of 2,4,5-T in 45 litres of diesel oil.

Propagation

Seed propagation easy, without any treatment.

Products & uses

It is of considerable value in supplementing the diet of roughage provided by the Astrebla and Dichanthium native grasses in the dry season (Everist, 1969). Fine textured heavy wood, amenable to a nice polish, pods are eaten by stock before maturity, at maturity they become woody, hard, unpalatable. A. farnesiana makes good defensive hedges, it is sometimes planted for its flowers that provide a fragrant essential oil used in the perfume industry as a violet scent substitute.

Nutritional Quality and Animal Production

It has a crude protein content of 18.4 percent.

Links:

Crop index of the Purdue University: Information about distribution, ecology, use, yields etc.

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Conservatory : Description, classification etc; photograph and link to zone maps of the world

WattleWeb: Description, links and references

Weed control: Study abstract of the ARS (Agricultural Research Service)

Invasive plant species: Ecology, propagation and control in the Pacific island ecosystems; photographs

Environmental requirements: Information about distribution, ecology, use, yields etc.; photograph

Acacia farnesiana Willd. and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Article abstract

Links for the genus:

The WattleWeb: Acacias from A-Z

Seed treatment and inoculation: Instructions for acacias and other NFT (Nitrogen Fixing Trees)

Sustainable livestock production: Indigenous knowledge in utilization of local trees and shrubs in central Tanzania

References

Berhaut 1975 ; Delwaulle 1979 ; Simmons 1981 ; Dommergues et al. 1999.

**** www.stuartxchange.com/Aroma.html

Botany

Aroma is a much branched, spiny shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 2 to 4 meters. Branches are more or less zigzagging, lenticellate, with sharp stipular spines, 1 to 4 centimeters long; branchlet spines are smaller. Leaves are bipinnate, 5 to 8 centimeters long. Pinnae are usually 10 to 12. Leaflets are linear-oblong, 15 to 40, and 4 to 7 millimeters long. Heads are axillary, solitary or fascicled, rounded and about 1 centimeter in diameter. Flowers are numerous, yellow and fragrant. Pods are smooth, brown, nearly cylindrical, 5 to 7 centimeters long, 1 1.5 centimeters wide, straight and curved. Seeds in two series, embedded in dry spongy tissue.

Distribution

- Open grasslands and thickets at low and medium altitudes, especially common in regions with long dry season.

- Native of tropical America.

- Introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards.

- Pantropic.

Constituents

- Bark yields a gum, resembliing gum arabic. The oil contains benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, a ketone with odor of methone, anisic aldehyde, decyclic aldehyde, and cuminic aldehyde.

- Some studies suggest an alkaloid in the bark gum.

- Yields a greenish yellow and viscid essetial oil. Oil contains 30.9 % salycilic acid methyl ester.

- The oil, deprived of its phenols, yields benzaldehydem benzyl alcohol, a ketone with the odor of menthone, anisic aldehyde, decyclic aldehyde, and cuminic aldehyde. The presence of geranionl and linalool is probable.

- A study show the oil contains 30.9% of salicylic acid methyl ester.

- The pod contains a tannin which is a glucoside of ellagic acid.

- The bark likewise is reported to contain a tannin.

Properties

- Odor of the perfume smells like violet, but more intense.

- Bark is considered astringent and demulcent.

- Fruit is astringent.

Parts utilized

Bark, flowers, leaves

Uses

Edibility

- Roasted pods used in sweet and sour dishes.

- Ripe seeds put through a press to make oil for cooking. However, there are anecdotal reports of seeds used to kill rabid dogs, the activity attributed to an unnamed toxic alkaloid.

Folkloric

- In the Philippines, the aroma bark is considered astringent, in decoction is used in the treament of prolapse rectum and as an injection for leucorrhea.

- Poultice of young leaves used for ulcers and sores previously washed by a decoction of same leaves.

- In San Luis Potosi decoction of roots has been used in the treatment of tuberculosis.

- Lotion of leaves used sores and skin afflictions.

- In Martinique, the flowers used as stimulant and antispasmodic.

- In West Tropical Africa, the roots, containing gum, is chewed for sore throat.

- In India, decoction of bark with ginger used as astringent wash for teeth; also used for bleeding gums.

- Bruised tender leaves taken with water for gonorrhea.

- Pulverized dried leaves applied as dressing for wounds.

- Leaves prescribed for affections of the bladder.

- Lotion of leaves is applied externally for sores and skin diseases.

- Internally, leaves used for diarrhea.

- In Martinique, used as stimulant and antispasmodic.

- In Java bark is used as an emetic.

- In Costa Rica infusion of bark is astringent.

- In Uruguay, a decoction of flowers used for diseases of women.

In Mexico, ointment from flowers are used for headaches; as infusion, for dyspepsia.

- Decoction of the green pods used for dysentery and skin inflammations.

- Decoction of fruit used for dysentery and inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes.

- Oil employed as adjunct to aphrodisiacs in spermatorrhea.

- In Uruguay, decoction of flowers used for female diseases.

In Guatemala, flower infusion used as stomachic; also used for dyspepsia and neuroses.

In Columbia, bark decoction used for bathing in typhoid.

In Costa Rica, decoction of gum from trunk used for diarrhea; the pod infusion for diarrhea, leucorrhea and uterorrhagia.

Elsewhere, decoction of root used in hot baths for stomach cancer. Plaster from pulp used to alleviate tumors.

Others

Gum arabic: Bark exudes a gum similar to gum arabic. Mucilage can be prepared from the gum.

Perfume: Flowers known commercially as cassie flowers. Tree is grown extensively in France for the flowers fragrant perfume. Cassie perfume used for boquets and hair pomades. Diluted with other odors it imparts a true flowery fragrance.

Toothbrush: Woody branches used in India as tooth brushes.

Tanning: The tannin-rich bark is used for tanning leather.

Dye: A black dye is obtained from the pods. In some parts of India, the bark and pods are used as dye-stuff and for tanning.

Feed: In Mexico, the pods studied as alternate feed for sheep. source

Studies

• Antiinflammatory / Cytotoxicity: Study yielded four new diterpenes–acasiane B, farnesirane A, farnesirane B with three known diterpenes and eight flavonboids. Some of the compounds exhibited cytotoxicity to human cancer cell lines while some showed moderate antiinflammatory activity.

• Vibrio cholera inhibition: Study of 32 medicinal plants showed the ethanolic extracts of A farnesiana and Artemisia ludoviciana effectively inhibited bacterial growth of Cholera vibrio strains, effects on enterotoxin production and adhesion were also studied.

• Natural Herbicide: In a study screening 6 potentially allelopathic plant species, the seed extract of A. farnesiana exhibited 32% inhibition of growth of L. aequinoctialis.

• Antiinflammatory: (1) A study of 14 plants of the Mexican medicinal flora was studied for its antiinflammatory activity. Acacia farnesiana plant extract showed activity against induced hind-paw edema. (2) Study of ethanolic extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granulation models.

• Antimalarial: In a study of 10 vegetal extracts, eight including Acacia farnesiana showed good activity against Plasmodium falcifarum.

• Essential Oil / Antifungal: Study showed the essential oil of cassia flower was able to inhibit the mycelium growth and spore formation of A brassicola, A flavus, B oryzae, F moniliforme, F proliferatum, P arisea and R solani, indicating its potential as an alternative source of synthetic fungicides to control pathogenic fungi.

• Antimicrobial / Antioxidant: Study of ethanol extract showed a response to all antioxidant assays in a concentration dependent manner. The extract also exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The extract yielded flavonoids galloylglycoside and flavonoids glycosides.

Availability

Wild-crafted.

Huisache, Sweet acacia, Acacia farnesiana……Keo thơm; Keo ta, Mâm côi…..#7


Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants

Chụp hình tại thành phố Waco, tiểu bang Texas, miền Nam nước Mỹ .

Taken in Waco city, Texas state, southern of The USA.

Vietnamese named : Keo thơm; Keo ta, Mâm côi

Common names : Huisache, Sweet acacia, Mealy wattle, Needle Bush.

Scientist name : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.

Synonyms : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. var. farnesiana, Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch. , Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch. ssp. densiflora (Alexander ex Small) Beauch. , Acacia smallii Isely, Mimosa farnesiana L. ,

Pithecellobium minutum M.E. Jones, Vachellia densiflora Alexander ex Small, Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.

Family : Fabaceae – Pea family

Group : Dicot

Duration : Perennial

Growth Habit : Tree – Shrub

Kingdom : Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass : Rosidae

Order : Fabales

Genus : Acacia Mill. – acacia

Species : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. – sweet acacia

**** botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Acacia%20farnesiana…

Cây bụi hay cây nhỏ cao 2 – 4m, cành vặn nhiều hay ít, không đều, nhẵn; lá kèm biến thành gai, nhọn, dài 1 – 2cm. Lá kép lông chim hai lần, có 4 – 8 cặp lá chét bậc nhất; các lá này lại mang 10 – 20 đôi lá chét bậc hai hình dải dài 3 – 4cm, rộng 3 – 4mm.

Cụm hoa là những đầu hình cầu có cuống, xếp thành bó gồm nhiều hoa màu vàng nghệ. Quả màu nâu đen, hình trụ thẳng hay cong, dài 4 – 7cm, rộng 1 – 1,3 cm, chứa khoảng 10 hạt. Hạt rất cứng, hình bầu dục dẹt, màu hung, bao bởi một lớp thịt trắng.

Loài liên nhiệt đới, có thể có nguồn gốc từ Cuba hay Nam Mỹ, ngày nay được trồng và thuần hóa ở châu Mỹ; châu Phi và Ôxtrâylia. Ở Việt Nam, có gặp từ Phú Thọ, Hà Nội, Nam Định, Huế, Đà Nẵng vào Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Long An và An Giang.

Cây mọc hoang ở dọc đường đi, chỗ sáng từ vùng thấp lên đến độ cao 500 m.

Cây trồng làm cảnh có hoa rất thơm, có thể dùng chiết tinh dầu. Tinh dầu này có mùi mạnh, nóng và bền, được sử dụng làm hương liệu. Vỏ cây chứa tanin cũng được dùng làm thuốc thu liễm, cầm máu; nước sắc vỏ dùng rửa trong bệnh lậu; cũng có thể dùng để nhuộm. Lá dùng luộc chín lấy nước rửa và bã đắp mụn nhọt.

Quả chứa tanin và có chất gôm, cũng được dùng làm thuốc cầm máu; còn dùng nấu nước gội đầu cho sạch gầu; hạt dùng tẩy giun đũa.

Ở Lào, thân cây được dùng sắc nước uống trị sốt, thủy thũng và dùng cho phụ nữ sinh đẻ.

Ở Vân Nam (Trung Quốc), rễ, quả và chất gôm được sử dụng; rễ và quả làm thuốc khai uất, khư đàm, thanh nhiệt chỉ huyết … dùng trị dao chém, gãy xương; còn gôm dùng thay bạch giao trị trúng phong thổ ra đờm, trúng nắng bị hôn mê, chân tay co giật, viêm nhánh khí quản và ho khan do cảm mạo.

**** www.lrc-hueuni.edu.vn/dongy/show_target.plx?url=/thuocdon…

Keo ta, Keo thơm hay Mâm côi – Acacia farnesiana Willd., thuộc họ Đậu – Fabaceae.

Mô tả: Cây bụi hay cây nhỏ cao 2-4m, cành vặn nhiều hay ít, không đều, nhẵn; lá kèm biến thành gai, nhọn, dài 1-2cm. Lá kép lông chim hai lần, có 4-8 cặp lá chét bậc nhất; các lá này lại mang 10-20 đôi lá chét bậc hai hình dải dài 3-4cm, rộng 3-4mm. Cụm hoa là những đầu hình cầu có cuống, xếp thành bó gồm nhiều hoa màu vàng nghệ. Quả màu nâu đen hình trụ thẳng hay cong, dài 4-7cm, rộng 1-1,3cm, chứa khoảng 10 hạt. Hạt rất cứng, hình bầu dục dẹt, màu hung, bao bởi một lớp thịt trắng.

Cây ra hoa tháng 5-11, có quả tháng 7-12.

Bộ phận dùng: Vỏ, rễ, lá, quả và hạt – Cortex, Radix, Folium, Fructus et Semen Acaciae Farnesianae.

Nơi sống và thu hái: Loài liên nhiệt đới mọc hoang. Cũng được trồng làm cây cảnh và lấy hoa chiết tinh dầu thơm. Thu hái các bộ phận của cây quanh năm.

Thành phần hoá học: Cành và quả có chất gôm hoà tan, giàu tanin (ở quả 23%). Hoa chứa tinh dầu, hàm lượng 0,1-0,2%, trong đó có alcol: farnesol, geraniol, linalol… và một ether là salicylat metyl.

Tính vị, tác dụng: Tinh dầu có mùi mạnh, nóng và bền. Cây có tính chất làm se, tạo nhầy. Vỏ rễ thu liễm; rễ và lá nối gân xương.

Công dụng: Vỏ dùng làm thuốc thu liễm cầm máu. Nước sắc vỏ dùng rửa trong bệnh lậu. Lá rất dịu, đem luộc chín dùng đắp mụn nhọt, còn nước thì dùng rửa. Quả dùng nấu nước gội đầu. Hạt dùng để tẩy giun đũa.

Ở Trung quốc, rễ, lá dùng trị dao chém, gãy xương.

______________________________________________________________________________

**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=acfa

**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_farnesiana

**** www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/acacia_farnesiana…

**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+farnesiana

**** www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/PF000113.HTM

Description

Woody shrub up to 7 m high, but usually 1-3 m, very branched with an intricate habit, very spiny. Bark grey-brown smooth or scaly, twigs often zigzagged (sympodic growth), leaves alternate, shortly petiolated, bipinnate with 2-4 pairs of pinnulae having 8-10 (20) pairs of leaflets each leaflets obtuse of a green-bluish colour, 3-6 x 1-2 mm. Stipulate axillary pairs of thorns 0.2-3 cm long, sometimes lacking. Flowers of an orange color, very fragrant with a smell of violet, grouped in 50 or more globose heads 1.5-2.0 cm in diameter, grouped by 2-3, or isolated on an 8-35 mm long slender, hairy-downy peduncle. The fruit is a green pod, turning black or dark brown at maturity, thick, indehiscent, cylindrical, 4-8 cm long and 0.8-1.5 cm in diameter, each contains 12 to 14 seeds. Seeds transversally set in the pods, ovoid, compressed, 6-7 x 4-5 mm, coated with a characteristic whitish medulla. Life span 10-50 years.

Habitat

It’s often inadvertent introduction and subsequent naturalization is due to its flexible ecological requirements and readily high germination rate which makes it able to colonize disturbed land left open by the elimination of native vegetation.

Soil

It is one of the few woody plants which grows naturally on the heavy, cracking calcareous clay grasslands in north-west Queensland and along stream banks in northern Australia. It is also one of the few species which can persist along highly saline artesian watering drains for sheep and cattle, where it also provides valuable shade.

Distribution

A. farnesiana originates from North and Central American tropics and subtropics : South USA, North Mexico where it is known as "Huisache". It was introduced to Europe in the 17 th century, thence spread and became naturalized in many of the world’s subtropical and tropical arid lands : North Africa, Sahel, East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, India, Australia. Now common throughout the tropics. Formerly a garden plant. Common in Viti Levu (Fiji), and northern Australia, southern Australia, southern France and Africa.

Crop management

Considered one of the worst weeds in Fiji (Mune and Parham, 1967) and is also a problem in the Northern Territory of Australia (Hall, 1967).

In Fiji, it is controlled manually by digging out roots and seedlings; by building a fire around the stems at ground level and maintaining a fierce heat for several hours; or by spraying seedlings and young plants with 1.6 kg. acid equivalent of 2,4,5-T ester diluted in 180 litres of water or diesel fuel oil applied as a fine spray to the leaves and stems. Spraying will most likely need to be repeated. Mature bushes should be sprayed with a basal application of 2,4,5-T ester at the rate of 1.6 kg. acid equivalent diluted in 270 litres of diesel fuel oil. The mixture is applied as a fine spray or painted on the dry bark at the base of the stems from ground level to a height of 1 metre, to thoroughly wet the bark. Shrubs so treated take three to six months to die. Hall (1967) recommends treating cut stumps with a mixture of 1 kg. of 2,4,5-T in 45 litres of diesel oil.

Propagation

Seed propagation easy, without any treatment.

Products & uses

It is of considerable value in supplementing the diet of roughage provided by the Astrebla and Dichanthium native grasses in the dry season (Everist, 1969). Fine textured heavy wood, amenable to a nice polish, pods are eaten by stock before maturity, at maturity they become woody, hard, unpalatable. A. farnesiana makes good defensive hedges, it is sometimes planted for its flowers that provide a fragrant essential oil used in the perfume industry as a violet scent substitute.

Nutritional Quality and Animal Production

It has a crude protein content of 18.4 percent.

Links:

Crop index of the Purdue University: Information about distribution, ecology, use, yields etc.

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Conservatory : Description, classification etc; photograph and link to zone maps of the world

WattleWeb: Description, links and references

Weed control: Study abstract of the ARS (Agricultural Research Service)

Invasive plant species: Ecology, propagation and control in the Pacific island ecosystems; photographs

Environmental requirements: Information about distribution, ecology, use, yields etc.; photograph

Acacia farnesiana Willd. and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Article abstract

Links for the genus:

The WattleWeb: Acacias from A-Z

Seed treatment and inoculation: Instructions for acacias and other NFT (Nitrogen Fixing Trees)

Sustainable livestock production: Indigenous knowledge in utilization of local trees and shrubs in central Tanzania

References

Berhaut 1975 ; Delwaulle 1979 ; Simmons 1981 ; Dommergues et al. 1999.

**** www.stuartxchange.com/Aroma.html

Botany

Aroma is a much branched, spiny shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 2 to 4 meters. Branches are more or less zigzagging, lenticellate, with sharp stipular spines, 1 to 4 centimeters long; branchlet spines are smaller. Leaves are bipinnate, 5 to 8 centimeters long. Pinnae are usually 10 to 12. Leaflets are linear-oblong, 15 to 40, and 4 to 7 millimeters long. Heads are axillary, solitary or fascicled, rounded and about 1 centimeter in diameter. Flowers are numerous, yellow and fragrant. Pods are smooth, brown, nearly cylindrical, 5 to 7 centimeters long, 1 1.5 centimeters wide, straight and curved. Seeds in two series, embedded in dry spongy tissue.

Distribution

- Open grasslands and thickets at low and medium altitudes, especially common in regions with long dry season.

- Native of tropical America.

- Introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards.

- Pantropic.

Constituents

- Bark yields a gum, resembliing gum arabic. The oil contains benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, a ketone with odor of methone, anisic aldehyde, decyclic aldehyde, and cuminic aldehyde.

- Some studies suggest an alkaloid in the bark gum.

- Yields a greenish yellow and viscid essetial oil. Oil contains 30.9 % salycilic acid methyl ester.

- The oil, deprived of its phenols, yields benzaldehydem benzyl alcohol, a ketone with the odor of menthone, anisic aldehyde, decyclic aldehyde, and cuminic aldehyde. The presence of geranionl and linalool is probable.

- A study show the oil contains 30.9% of salicylic acid methyl ester.

- The pod contains a tannin which is a glucoside of ellagic acid.

- The bark likewise is reported to contain a tannin.

Properties

- Odor of the perfume smells like violet, but more intense.

- Bark is considered astringent and demulcent.

- Fruit is astringent.

Parts utilized

Bark, flowers, leaves

Uses

Edibility

- Roasted pods used in sweet and sour dishes.

- Ripe seeds put through a press to make oil for cooking. However, there are anecdotal reports of seeds used to kill rabid dogs, the activity attributed to an unnamed toxic alkaloid.

Folkloric

- In the Philippines, the aroma bark is considered astringent, in decoction is used in the treament of prolapse rectum and as an injection for leucorrhea.

- Poultice of young leaves used for ulcers and sores previously washed by a decoction of same leaves.

- In San Luis Potosi decoction of roots has been used in the treatment of tuberculosis.

- Lotion of leaves used sores and skin afflictions.

- In Martinique, the flowers used as stimulant and antispasmodic.

- In West Tropical Africa, the roots, containing gum, is chewed for sore throat.

- In India, decoction of bark with ginger used as astringent wash for teeth; also used for bleeding gums.

- Bruised tender leaves taken with water for gonorrhea.

- Pulverized dried leaves applied as dressing for wounds.

- Leaves prescribed for affections of the bladder.

- Lotion of leaves is applied externally for sores and skin diseases.

- Internally, leaves used for diarrhea.

- In Martinique, used as stimulant and antispasmodic.

- In Java bark is used as an emetic.

- In Costa Rica infusion of bark is astringent.

- In Uruguay, a decoction of flowers used for diseases of women.

In Mexico, ointment from flowers are used for headaches; as infusion, for dyspepsia.

- Decoction of the green pods used for dysentery and skin inflammations.

- Decoction of fruit used for dysentery and inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes.

- Oil employed as adjunct to aphrodisiacs in spermatorrhea.

- In Uruguay, decoction of flowers used for female diseases.

In Guatemala, flower infusion used as stomachic; also used for dyspepsia and neuroses.

In Columbia, bark decoction used for bathing in typhoid.

In Costa Rica, decoction of gum from trunk used for diarrhea; the pod infusion for diarrhea, leucorrhea and uterorrhagia.

Elsewhere, decoction of root used in hot baths for stomach cancer. Plaster from pulp used to alleviate tumors.

Others

Gum arabic: Bark exudes a gum similar to gum arabic. Mucilage can be prepared from the gum.

Perfume: Flowers known commercially as cassie flowers. Tree is grown extensively in France for the flowers fragrant perfume. Cassie perfume used for boquets and hair pomades. Diluted with other odors it imparts a true flowery fragrance.

Toothbrush: Woody branches used in India as tooth brushes.

Tanning: The tannin-rich bark is used for tanning leather.

Dye: A black dye is obtained from the pods. In some parts of India, the bark and pods are used as dye-stuff and for tanning.

Feed: In Mexico, the pods studied as alternate feed for sheep. source

Studies

• Antiinflammatory / Cytotoxicity: Study yielded four new diterpenes–acasiane B, farnesirane A, farnesirane B with three known diterpenes and eight flavonboids. Some of the compounds exhibited cytotoxicity to human cancer cell lines while some showed moderate antiinflammatory activity.

• Vibrio cholera inhibition: Study of 32 medicinal plants showed the ethanolic extracts of A farnesiana and Artemisia ludoviciana effectively inhibited bacterial growth of Cholera vibrio strains, effects on enterotoxin production and adhesion were also studied.

• Natural Herbicide: In a study screening 6 potentially allelopathic plant species, the seed extract of A. farnesiana exhibited 32% inhibition of growth of L. aequinoctialis.

• Antiinflammatory: (1) A study of 14 plants of the Mexican medicinal flora was studied for its antiinflammatory activity. Acacia farnesiana plant extract showed activity against induced hind-paw edema. (2) Study of ethanolic extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granulation models.

• Antimalarial: In a study of 10 vegetal extracts, eight including Acacia farnesiana showed good activity against Plasmodium falcifarum.

• Essential Oil / Antifungal: Study showed the essential oil of cassia flower was able to inhibit the mycelium growth and spore formation of A brassicola, A flavus, B oryzae, F moniliforme, F proliferatum, P arisea and R solani, indicating its potential as an alternative source of synthetic fungicides to control pathogenic fungi.

• Antimicrobial / Antioxidant: Study of ethanol extract showed a response to all antioxidant assays in a concentration dependent manner. The extract also exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The extract yielded flavonoids galloylglycoside and flavonoids glycosides.

Availability

Wild-crafted.

Field Bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis….#1


Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants

Taken on October 7, 2012 in Hewitt city, Texas state, Southern of America.

Vietnamese named :

Common names : Field Bindweed

Scientist name ; Convolvulus arvensis L.

Synonyms : Convolvulus ambigens House

Convolvulus incanus auct. non Vahl

Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small

Family: Convolvulaceae – Morning-glory family

Group : Dicot

Duration : Perennial

Growth Habit : Vine – Forb/herb

Kingdom : Plantae – Plants

Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants

Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants

Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants

Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons

Subclass : Asteridae

Order : Solanales

Genus : Convolvulus L. – bindweed

Species : Convolvulus arvensis L. – field bindweed

**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=coar4

**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolvulus_arvensis

**** www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Convolvulus_arvensis_page…

**** www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/conar.htm

**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Convolvulus+arvensis

Physical Characteristics

Convolvulus arvensis is a PERENNIAL CLIMBER growing to 2 m (6ft 7in).

It is hardy to zone 5. It is in flower from Jun to September, and the seeds ripen from Aug to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, self.The plant is self-fertile.

Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers dry or moist soil.

Edible Parts:

Edible Uses: Condiment.

The plant has been used as a flavouring in a liqueur called ‘Noyeau’[2]. No details are given as to which part of the plant is used[K].

Medicinal Uses

Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.

Cholagogue; Diuretic; Laxative; Purgative; Stings; Women’s complaints.

The root, and also a resin made from the root, is cholagogue, diuretic, laxative and strongly purgative[4, 7. 9. 13, 240]. The dried root contains 4.9% resin[240]. The juice of the root is used in the treatment of fevers[272]. A tea made from the flowers is laxative and is also used in the treatment of fevers and wounds[222]. A cold tea made from the leaves is laxative and is also used as a wash for spider bites or taken internally to reduce excessive menstrual flow[222, 257].

Other Uses

Dye; String.

The stem is used as a twine for tying up plants etc[6, 99]. It is fairly flexible and strong but not long-lasting. A green dye is obtained from the whole plant[168].

Cultivation details

Prefers a lighter basic soil[17] of low to medium fertility[200]. Bindweed is a very deep-rooting plant with a vigorous root system that extends to a considerable distance and is very hard to eradicate from the soil. Even a small piece of the root will grow into a new plant if it is left in the ground. Once established this plant soon becomes a pernicious weed[1, 4]. It is a climbing plant that supports itself by twining around any support it can find and can soon swamp and strangle other plants[4]. The flowers close at night and also during rainy weather[4]. Although visited by numerous insects, the flowers seldom set fertile seed[4]. On sunny days the flowers diffuse a scent of heliotrope[245]. The plant harbours tobacco mosaic virus of the Solanaceae[13] and so should not be grown near potatoes, tomatoes and other members of that family.

Propagation

Seed – best sown in situ as soon as it is ripe, it germinates in the autumn[164]. This species can become a real pest in the garden so it is unwise to encourage it.

**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12572240

P R Health Sci J. 2002 Dec;21(4):323-8.

Effects of a high molecular mass Convolvulus arvensis extract on tumor growth and angiogenesis.

Meng XL, Riordan NH, Casciari JJ, Zhu Y, Zhong J, González MJ, Miranda-Massari JR, Riordan HD.

Source

Bio-Communications Research Institute, Center for the Improvement of Human Functioning, 3100 North Hillside Avenue, Wichita, KS 67219, USA.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Plant materials represent promising sources of anti-cancer agents. We developed and tested a novel extract from the ubiquitous plant Convolvulus arvensis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Convolvulus arvensis components were extracted in boiling water, and small molecules were removed by high-pressure filtration. The extract’s biological activity was assessed by measuring its effects on S-180 fibrosarcoma growth in Kun Ming mice and on heparin-induced angiogenesis in chick embryos. We also examined the extract’s effects on lymphocytes ex vivo and tumor cell growth in vitro.

RESULTS:

The extract (primarily proteins and polysaccharides) inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent fashion when administered orally. At the highest dose tested, 200 mg/kg/day, tumor growth was inhibited by roughly seventy percent. Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration at 50 mg/kg/day also inhibited tumor growth by over seventy percent. The extract’s acute LD50 in Kun Ming mice was 500 mg/kg/day when injected, indicating that tumor growth inhibition occurred at non-toxic doses. It inhibited angiogenesis in chick embryos, improved lymphocyte survival ex vivo, and enhanced yeast phagocytosis, but did not kill tumor cells in culture.

CONCLUSION:

High molecular mass extract deserves further study as an anti-cancer agent.

**** csn.cancer.org/node/221679 : CLICK ON LINK TO READ MORE, please.

More info on bindweed

BINDWEED (AN ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR)

Examples of Patient Reports From The Center

The RECNAC team (CANCER spelled backwards) is located in Wichita, KS, at The Center for the Improvement of Human Functioning International. A breast cancer survivor of 14 years, who used the Center’s approach to fight her disease, altered the name to counter the grim aura that frequently hovers over cancer. Dr. Hugh D. Riordan, RECNAC Project Director, says the key to finding successful treatments for cancer is identifying where to look and being willing to search in unusual places. Dr. Riordan emphasizes the importance of finding ways to nurture and soothe the spirit of the cancer patient as well as the body. The Center, referred to as the Bright Spot for Health, has welcomed thousands of people from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and 40 foreign countries. A hopeful, confident clinical environment tends to assure patients and expedite recovery.

Impressive cancer research is emanating from the Midwest, more specifically Wichita and physician/researcher Hugh Riordan, M.D., and his corroborating team of scientists. The following narrative illustrates why many in the scientific community are excited about their work.

A survivor of ovarian cancer entered the clinic relaying a hopeful story concerning her recovery. Following diagnosis, the woman, concerned with orthodox therapies, independently sought an alternative treatment. The decision to look elsewhere was not difficult because the woman’s mother had died 7 years earlier with the same disease and doctors felt the daughter’s chances of survival equally bleak.

The woman traveled to Oklahoma where a shaman gave her a tincture of Bindweed (Convolulus arvensis) with instructions to use the substance daily. (Bindweed, a common garden weed, is a bane to farmers.) The woman testified that after using Bindweed for 1 year, her abdomen returned to a normal size. Asymptomatic, she returned to her physician, who after a battery of tests pronounced her cancer-free…………………………………

**** organicpharmacy.org/products/VascuStatin

VascuStatin

VascuStatin is a water extraction of the leaves of the herb Convolvulus arvensis, commonly known as bindweed, and is rich in proteoglycan mixture (PGM). In combination with proper nutrition, it enhances the immune system’s ability to maintain good health. The bindweed used as the source of the PGM in VascuStatin Formula is grown in Wyoming. It is a non-toxic extract, as the toxic alkaloids are removed by a proprietary process.*

VascuStatin supports the human body in potentially reducing vascular formations associated with certain conditions of reduced metabolism, diminished immunity and mutating cells.* Formation of new blood vessels is well-known to play a crucial role in tumor survival and growth. Several agents that act as angiogenesis inhibitors are currently being investigated as anti-tumor agents. The active ingredient of VascuStatin, PGM (proteoglycan mixture), a non-toxic extract of the plant Convolvulus Arvensis (bindweed), is one of those agents.*

Native Americans have traditionally used plants like bindweed to support the health of the skin, which was especially important under the harsher living conditions of times past.* Although we do not know of modern research supporting this use of field bindweed, we recognize that field bindweed’s traditional value may have involved its component proteoglycans.*

Recent research suggests that PGM has potent immune stimulating properties.* In a recent in vitro study, lymphocyte proliferation and phagocyte activity increased with PGM administration.* Through range of concentration medium of 0 to 100 mcg/ml of PGM, lymphocyte proliferation and activity increased 46 to 85%, respectively.* Another study used the chicken egg chorio-allantoic membrane assay to study PGM regarding vascularization.*

PGM’s activity may depend upon its ability to change the biological balance between specific cytokines, such as interleukin 8 and platelet activating factor 4.* Excess secretion of cytokines from specific cells can speed their neovascularization and growth. Proteoglycan proteins can bind and inactivate the above mentioned cytokines. In our review of the properties of PGM, it appears to be an effective support of the body’s own immune defenses.*

Nice Cell Membrane photos