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Huisache, Sweet acacia, Acacia farnesiana……Keo thơm; Keo ta, Mâm côi…..#4
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Chụp hình tại thành phố Waco, tiểu bang Texas, miền Nam nước Mỹ .
Taken in Waco city, Texas state, southern of The USA.
Vietnamese named : Keo thơm; Keo ta, Mâm côi
Common names : Huisache, Sweet acacia, Mealy wattle, Needle Bush.
Scientist name : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.
Synonyms : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. var. farnesiana, Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch. , Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch. ssp. densiflora (Alexander ex Small) Beauch. , Acacia smallii Isely, Mimosa farnesiana L. ,
Pithecellobium minutum M.E. Jones, Vachellia densiflora Alexander ex Small, Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.
Family : Fabaceae – Pea family
Group : Dicot
Duration : Perennial
Growth Habit : Tree – Shrub
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Rosidae
Order : Fabales
Genus : Acacia Mill. – acacia
Species : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. – sweet acacia
**** botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Acacia%20farnesiana…
Cây bụi hay cây nhỏ cao 2 – 4m, cành vặn nhiều hay ít, không đều, nhẵn; lá kèm biến thành gai, nhọn, dài 1 – 2cm. Lá kép lông chim hai lần, có 4 – 8 cặp lá chét bậc nhất; các lá này lại mang 10 – 20 đôi lá chét bậc hai hình dải dài 3 – 4cm, rộng 3 – 4mm.
Cụm hoa là những đầu hình cầu có cuống, xếp thành bó gồm nhiều hoa màu vàng nghệ. Quả màu nâu đen, hình trụ thẳng hay cong, dài 4 – 7cm, rộng 1 – 1,3 cm, chứa khoảng 10 hạt. Hạt rất cứng, hình bầu dục dẹt, màu hung, bao bởi một lớp thịt trắng.
Loài liên nhiệt đới, có thể có nguồn gốc từ Cuba hay Nam Mỹ, ngày nay được trồng và thuần hóa ở châu Mỹ; châu Phi và Ôxtrâylia. Ở Việt Nam, có gặp từ Phú Thọ, Hà Nội, Nam Định, Huế, Đà Nẵng vào Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Long An và An Giang.
Cây mọc hoang ở dọc đường đi, chỗ sáng từ vùng thấp lên đến độ cao 500 m.
Cây trồng làm cảnh có hoa rất thơm, có thể dùng chiết tinh dầu. Tinh dầu này có mùi mạnh, nóng và bền, được sử dụng làm hương liệu. Vỏ cây chứa tanin cũng được dùng làm thuốc thu liễm, cầm máu; nước sắc vỏ dùng rửa trong bệnh lậu; cũng có thể dùng để nhuộm. Lá dùng luộc chín lấy nước rửa và bã đắp mụn nhọt.
Quả chứa tanin và có chất gôm, cũng được dùng làm thuốc cầm máu; còn dùng nấu nước gội đầu cho sạch gầu; hạt dùng tẩy giun đũa.
Ở Lào, thân cây được dùng sắc nước uống trị sốt, thủy thũng và dùng cho phụ nữ sinh đẻ.
Ở Vân Nam (Trung Quốc), rễ, quả và chất gôm được sử dụng; rễ và quả làm thuốc khai uất, khư đàm, thanh nhiệt chỉ huyết … dùng trị dao chém, gãy xương; còn gôm dùng thay bạch giao trị trúng phong thổ ra đờm, trúng nắng bị hôn mê, chân tay co giật, viêm nhánh khí quản và ho khan do cảm mạo.
**** www.lrc-hueuni.edu.vn/dongy/show_target.plx?url=/thuocdon…
Keo ta, Keo thơm hay Mâm côi – Acacia farnesiana Willd., thuộc họ Đậu – Fabaceae.
Mô tả: Cây bụi hay cây nhỏ cao 2-4m, cành vặn nhiều hay ít, không đều, nhẵn; lá kèm biến thành gai, nhọn, dài 1-2cm. Lá kép lông chim hai lần, có 4-8 cặp lá chét bậc nhất; các lá này lại mang 10-20 đôi lá chét bậc hai hình dải dài 3-4cm, rộng 3-4mm. Cụm hoa là những đầu hình cầu có cuống, xếp thành bó gồm nhiều hoa màu vàng nghệ. Quả màu nâu đen hình trụ thẳng hay cong, dài 4-7cm, rộng 1-1,3cm, chứa khoảng 10 hạt. Hạt rất cứng, hình bầu dục dẹt, màu hung, bao bởi một lớp thịt trắng.
Cây ra hoa tháng 5-11, có quả tháng 7-12.
Bộ phận dùng: Vỏ, rễ, lá, quả và hạt – Cortex, Radix, Folium, Fructus et Semen Acaciae Farnesianae.
Nơi sống và thu hái: Loài liên nhiệt đới mọc hoang. Cũng được trồng làm cây cảnh và lấy hoa chiết tinh dầu thơm. Thu hái các bộ phận của cây quanh năm.
Thành phần hoá học: Cành và quả có chất gôm hoà tan, giàu tanin (ở quả 23%). Hoa chứa tinh dầu, hàm lượng 0,1-0,2%, trong đó có alcol: farnesol, geraniol, linalol… và một ether là salicylat metyl.
Tính vị, tác dụng: Tinh dầu có mùi mạnh, nóng và bền. Cây có tính chất làm se, tạo nhầy. Vỏ rễ thu liễm; rễ và lá nối gân xương.
Công dụng: Vỏ dùng làm thuốc thu liễm cầm máu. Nước sắc vỏ dùng rửa trong bệnh lậu. Lá rất dịu, đem luộc chín dùng đắp mụn nhọt, còn nước thì dùng rửa. Quả dùng nấu nước gội đầu. Hạt dùng để tẩy giun đũa.
Ở Trung quốc, rễ, lá dùng trị dao chém, gãy xương.
______________________________________________________________________________
**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=acfa
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_farnesiana
**** www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/acacia_farnesiana…
**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+farnesiana
**** www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/PF000113.HTM
Description
Woody shrub up to 7 m high, but usually 1-3 m, very branched with an intricate habit, very spiny. Bark grey-brown smooth or scaly, twigs often zigzagged (sympodic growth), leaves alternate, shortly petiolated, bipinnate with 2-4 pairs of pinnulae having 8-10 (20) pairs of leaflets each leaflets obtuse of a green-bluish colour, 3-6 x 1-2 mm. Stipulate axillary pairs of thorns 0.2-3 cm long, sometimes lacking. Flowers of an orange color, very fragrant with a smell of violet, grouped in 50 or more globose heads 1.5-2.0 cm in diameter, grouped by 2-3, or isolated on an 8-35 mm long slender, hairy-downy peduncle. The fruit is a green pod, turning black or dark brown at maturity, thick, indehiscent, cylindrical, 4-8 cm long and 0.8-1.5 cm in diameter, each contains 12 to 14 seeds. Seeds transversally set in the pods, ovoid, compressed, 6-7 x 4-5 mm, coated with a characteristic whitish medulla. Life span 10-50 years.
Habitat
It’s often inadvertent introduction and subsequent naturalization is due to its flexible ecological requirements and readily high germination rate which makes it able to colonize disturbed land left open by the elimination of native vegetation.
Soil
It is one of the few woody plants which grows naturally on the heavy, cracking calcareous clay grasslands in north-west Queensland and along stream banks in northern Australia. It is also one of the few species which can persist along highly saline artesian watering drains for sheep and cattle, where it also provides valuable shade.
Distribution
A. farnesiana originates from North and Central American tropics and subtropics : South USA, North Mexico where it is known as "Huisache". It was introduced to Europe in the 17 th century, thence spread and became naturalized in many of the world’s subtropical and tropical arid lands : North Africa, Sahel, East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, India, Australia. Now common throughout the tropics. Formerly a garden plant. Common in Viti Levu (Fiji), and northern Australia, southern Australia, southern France and Africa.
Crop management
Considered one of the worst weeds in Fiji (Mune and Parham, 1967) and is also a problem in the Northern Territory of Australia (Hall, 1967).
In Fiji, it is controlled manually by digging out roots and seedlings; by building a fire around the stems at ground level and maintaining a fierce heat for several hours; or by spraying seedlings and young plants with 1.6 kg. acid equivalent of 2,4,5-T ester diluted in 180 litres of water or diesel fuel oil applied as a fine spray to the leaves and stems. Spraying will most likely need to be repeated. Mature bushes should be sprayed with a basal application of 2,4,5-T ester at the rate of 1.6 kg. acid equivalent diluted in 270 litres of diesel fuel oil. The mixture is applied as a fine spray or painted on the dry bark at the base of the stems from ground level to a height of 1 metre, to thoroughly wet the bark. Shrubs so treated take three to six months to die. Hall (1967) recommends treating cut stumps with a mixture of 1 kg. of 2,4,5-T in 45 litres of diesel oil.
Propagation
Seed propagation easy, without any treatment.
Products & uses
It is of considerable value in supplementing the diet of roughage provided by the Astrebla and Dichanthium native grasses in the dry season (Everist, 1969). Fine textured heavy wood, amenable to a nice polish, pods are eaten by stock before maturity, at maturity they become woody, hard, unpalatable. A. farnesiana makes good defensive hedges, it is sometimes planted for its flowers that provide a fragrant essential oil used in the perfume industry as a violet scent substitute.
Nutritional Quality and Animal Production
It has a crude protein content of 18.4 percent.
Links:
Crop index of the Purdue University: Information about distribution, ecology, use, yields etc.
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Conservatory : Description, classification etc; photograph and link to zone maps of the world
WattleWeb: Description, links and references
Weed control: Study abstract of the ARS (Agricultural Research Service)
Invasive plant species: Ecology, propagation and control in the Pacific island ecosystems; photographs
Environmental requirements: Information about distribution, ecology, use, yields etc.; photograph
Acacia farnesiana Willd. and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Article abstract
Links for the genus:
The WattleWeb: Acacias from A-Z
Seed treatment and inoculation: Instructions for acacias and other NFT (Nitrogen Fixing Trees)
Sustainable livestock production: Indigenous knowledge in utilization of local trees and shrubs in central Tanzania
References
Berhaut 1975 ; Delwaulle 1979 ; Simmons 1981 ; Dommergues et al. 1999.
**** www.stuartxchange.com/Aroma.html
Botany
Aroma is a much branched, spiny shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 2 to 4 meters. Branches are more or less zigzagging, lenticellate, with sharp stipular spines, 1 to 4 centimeters long; branchlet spines are smaller. Leaves are bipinnate, 5 to 8 centimeters long. Pinnae are usually 10 to 12. Leaflets are linear-oblong, 15 to 40, and 4 to 7 millimeters long. Heads are axillary, solitary or fascicled, rounded and about 1 centimeter in diameter. Flowers are numerous, yellow and fragrant. Pods are smooth, brown, nearly cylindrical, 5 to 7 centimeters long, 1 1.5 centimeters wide, straight and curved. Seeds in two series, embedded in dry spongy tissue.
Distribution
- Open grasslands and thickets at low and medium altitudes, especially common in regions with long dry season.
- Native of tropical America.
- Introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards.
- Pantropic.
Constituents
- Bark yields a gum, resembliing gum arabic. The oil contains benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, a ketone with odor of methone, anisic aldehyde, decyclic aldehyde, and cuminic aldehyde.
- Some studies suggest an alkaloid in the bark gum.
- Yields a greenish yellow and viscid essetial oil. Oil contains 30.9 % salycilic acid methyl ester.
- The oil, deprived of its phenols, yields benzaldehydem benzyl alcohol, a ketone with the odor of menthone, anisic aldehyde, decyclic aldehyde, and cuminic aldehyde. The presence of geranionl and linalool is probable.
- A study show the oil contains 30.9% of salicylic acid methyl ester.
- The pod contains a tannin which is a glucoside of ellagic acid.
- The bark likewise is reported to contain a tannin.
Properties
- Odor of the perfume smells like violet, but more intense.
- Bark is considered astringent and demulcent.
- Fruit is astringent.
Parts utilized
Bark, flowers, leaves
Uses
Edibility
- Roasted pods used in sweet and sour dishes.
- Ripe seeds put through a press to make oil for cooking. However, there are anecdotal reports of seeds used to kill rabid dogs, the activity attributed to an unnamed toxic alkaloid.
Folkloric
- In the Philippines, the aroma bark is considered astringent, in decoction is used in the treament of prolapse rectum and as an injection for leucorrhea.
- Poultice of young leaves used for ulcers and sores previously washed by a decoction of same leaves.
- In San Luis Potosi decoction of roots has been used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
- Lotion of leaves used sores and skin afflictions.
- In Martinique, the flowers used as stimulant and antispasmodic.
- In West Tropical Africa, the roots, containing gum, is chewed for sore throat.
- In India, decoction of bark with ginger used as astringent wash for teeth; also used for bleeding gums.
- Bruised tender leaves taken with water for gonorrhea.
- Pulverized dried leaves applied as dressing for wounds.
- Leaves prescribed for affections of the bladder.
- Lotion of leaves is applied externally for sores and skin diseases.
- Internally, leaves used for diarrhea.
- In Martinique, used as stimulant and antispasmodic.
- In Java bark is used as an emetic.
- In Costa Rica infusion of bark is astringent.
- In Uruguay, a decoction of flowers used for diseases of women.
In Mexico, ointment from flowers are used for headaches; as infusion, for dyspepsia.
- Decoction of the green pods used for dysentery and skin inflammations.
- Decoction of fruit used for dysentery and inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes.
- Oil employed as adjunct to aphrodisiacs in spermatorrhea.
- In Uruguay, decoction of flowers used for female diseases.
In Guatemala, flower infusion used as stomachic; also used for dyspepsia and neuroses.
In Columbia, bark decoction used for bathing in typhoid.
In Costa Rica, decoction of gum from trunk used for diarrhea; the pod infusion for diarrhea, leucorrhea and uterorrhagia.
Elsewhere, decoction of root used in hot baths for stomach cancer. Plaster from pulp used to alleviate tumors.
Others
Gum arabic: Bark exudes a gum similar to gum arabic. Mucilage can be prepared from the gum.
Perfume: Flowers known commercially as cassie flowers. Tree is grown extensively in France for the flowers fragrant perfume. Cassie perfume used for boquets and hair pomades. Diluted with other odors it imparts a true flowery fragrance.
Toothbrush: Woody branches used in India as tooth brushes.
Tanning: The tannin-rich bark is used for tanning leather.
Dye: A black dye is obtained from the pods. In some parts of India, the bark and pods are used as dye-stuff and for tanning.
Feed: In Mexico, the pods studied as alternate feed for sheep. source
Studies
• Antiinflammatory / Cytotoxicity: Study yielded four new diterpenes–acasiane B, farnesirane A, farnesirane B with three known diterpenes and eight flavonboids. Some of the compounds exhibited cytotoxicity to human cancer cell lines while some showed moderate antiinflammatory activity.
• Vibrio cholera inhibition: Study of 32 medicinal plants showed the ethanolic extracts of A farnesiana and Artemisia ludoviciana effectively inhibited bacterial growth of Cholera vibrio strains, effects on enterotoxin production and adhesion were also studied.
• Natural Herbicide: In a study screening 6 potentially allelopathic plant species, the seed extract of A. farnesiana exhibited 32% inhibition of growth of L. aequinoctialis.
• Antiinflammatory: (1) A study of 14 plants of the Mexican medicinal flora was studied for its antiinflammatory activity. Acacia farnesiana plant extract showed activity against induced hind-paw edema. (2) Study of ethanolic extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granulation models.
• Antimalarial: In a study of 10 vegetal extracts, eight including Acacia farnesiana showed good activity against Plasmodium falcifarum.
• Essential Oil / Antifungal: Study showed the essential oil of cassia flower was able to inhibit the mycelium growth and spore formation of A brassicola, A flavus, B oryzae, F moniliforme, F proliferatum, P arisea and R solani, indicating its potential as an alternative source of synthetic fungicides to control pathogenic fungi.
• Antimicrobial / Antioxidant: Study of ethanol extract showed a response to all antioxidant assays in a concentration dependent manner. The extract also exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The extract yielded flavonoids galloylglycoside and flavonoids glycosides.
Availability
Wild-crafted.
Huisache, Sweet acacia, Acacia farnesiana……Keo thơm; Keo ta, Mâm côi…..#7
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Chụp hình tại thành phố Waco, tiểu bang Texas, miền Nam nước Mỹ .
Taken in Waco city, Texas state, southern of The USA.
Vietnamese named : Keo thơm; Keo ta, Mâm côi
Common names : Huisache, Sweet acacia, Mealy wattle, Needle Bush.
Scientist name : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.
Synonyms : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. var. farnesiana, Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch. , Acacia minuta (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch. ssp. densiflora (Alexander ex Small) Beauch. , Acacia smallii Isely, Mimosa farnesiana L. ,
Pithecellobium minutum M.E. Jones, Vachellia densiflora Alexander ex Small, Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn.
Family : Fabaceae – Pea family
Group : Dicot
Duration : Perennial
Growth Habit : Tree – Shrub
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Rosidae
Order : Fabales
Genus : Acacia Mill. – acacia
Species : Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. – sweet acacia
**** botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Acacia%20farnesiana…
Cây bụi hay cây nhỏ cao 2 – 4m, cành vặn nhiều hay ít, không đều, nhẵn; lá kèm biến thành gai, nhọn, dài 1 – 2cm. Lá kép lông chim hai lần, có 4 – 8 cặp lá chét bậc nhất; các lá này lại mang 10 – 20 đôi lá chét bậc hai hình dải dài 3 – 4cm, rộng 3 – 4mm.
Cụm hoa là những đầu hình cầu có cuống, xếp thành bó gồm nhiều hoa màu vàng nghệ. Quả màu nâu đen, hình trụ thẳng hay cong, dài 4 – 7cm, rộng 1 – 1,3 cm, chứa khoảng 10 hạt. Hạt rất cứng, hình bầu dục dẹt, màu hung, bao bởi một lớp thịt trắng.
Loài liên nhiệt đới, có thể có nguồn gốc từ Cuba hay Nam Mỹ, ngày nay được trồng và thuần hóa ở châu Mỹ; châu Phi và Ôxtrâylia. Ở Việt Nam, có gặp từ Phú Thọ, Hà Nội, Nam Định, Huế, Đà Nẵng vào Khánh Hòa, Ninh Thuận, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Long An và An Giang.
Cây mọc hoang ở dọc đường đi, chỗ sáng từ vùng thấp lên đến độ cao 500 m.
Cây trồng làm cảnh có hoa rất thơm, có thể dùng chiết tinh dầu. Tinh dầu này có mùi mạnh, nóng và bền, được sử dụng làm hương liệu. Vỏ cây chứa tanin cũng được dùng làm thuốc thu liễm, cầm máu; nước sắc vỏ dùng rửa trong bệnh lậu; cũng có thể dùng để nhuộm. Lá dùng luộc chín lấy nước rửa và bã đắp mụn nhọt.
Quả chứa tanin và có chất gôm, cũng được dùng làm thuốc cầm máu; còn dùng nấu nước gội đầu cho sạch gầu; hạt dùng tẩy giun đũa.
Ở Lào, thân cây được dùng sắc nước uống trị sốt, thủy thũng và dùng cho phụ nữ sinh đẻ.
Ở Vân Nam (Trung Quốc), rễ, quả và chất gôm được sử dụng; rễ và quả làm thuốc khai uất, khư đàm, thanh nhiệt chỉ huyết … dùng trị dao chém, gãy xương; còn gôm dùng thay bạch giao trị trúng phong thổ ra đờm, trúng nắng bị hôn mê, chân tay co giật, viêm nhánh khí quản và ho khan do cảm mạo.
**** www.lrc-hueuni.edu.vn/dongy/show_target.plx?url=/thuocdon…
Keo ta, Keo thơm hay Mâm côi – Acacia farnesiana Willd., thuộc họ Đậu – Fabaceae.
Mô tả: Cây bụi hay cây nhỏ cao 2-4m, cành vặn nhiều hay ít, không đều, nhẵn; lá kèm biến thành gai, nhọn, dài 1-2cm. Lá kép lông chim hai lần, có 4-8 cặp lá chét bậc nhất; các lá này lại mang 10-20 đôi lá chét bậc hai hình dải dài 3-4cm, rộng 3-4mm. Cụm hoa là những đầu hình cầu có cuống, xếp thành bó gồm nhiều hoa màu vàng nghệ. Quả màu nâu đen hình trụ thẳng hay cong, dài 4-7cm, rộng 1-1,3cm, chứa khoảng 10 hạt. Hạt rất cứng, hình bầu dục dẹt, màu hung, bao bởi một lớp thịt trắng.
Cây ra hoa tháng 5-11, có quả tháng 7-12.
Bộ phận dùng: Vỏ, rễ, lá, quả và hạt – Cortex, Radix, Folium, Fructus et Semen Acaciae Farnesianae.
Nơi sống và thu hái: Loài liên nhiệt đới mọc hoang. Cũng được trồng làm cây cảnh và lấy hoa chiết tinh dầu thơm. Thu hái các bộ phận của cây quanh năm.
Thành phần hoá học: Cành và quả có chất gôm hoà tan, giàu tanin (ở quả 23%). Hoa chứa tinh dầu, hàm lượng 0,1-0,2%, trong đó có alcol: farnesol, geraniol, linalol… và một ether là salicylat metyl.
Tính vị, tác dụng: Tinh dầu có mùi mạnh, nóng và bền. Cây có tính chất làm se, tạo nhầy. Vỏ rễ thu liễm; rễ và lá nối gân xương.
Công dụng: Vỏ dùng làm thuốc thu liễm cầm máu. Nước sắc vỏ dùng rửa trong bệnh lậu. Lá rất dịu, đem luộc chín dùng đắp mụn nhọt, còn nước thì dùng rửa. Quả dùng nấu nước gội đầu. Hạt dùng để tẩy giun đũa.
Ở Trung quốc, rễ, lá dùng trị dao chém, gãy xương.
______________________________________________________________________________
**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=acfa
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_farnesiana
**** www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/acacia_farnesiana…
**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acacia+farnesiana
**** www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/DATA/PF000113.HTM
Description
Woody shrub up to 7 m high, but usually 1-3 m, very branched with an intricate habit, very spiny. Bark grey-brown smooth or scaly, twigs often zigzagged (sympodic growth), leaves alternate, shortly petiolated, bipinnate with 2-4 pairs of pinnulae having 8-10 (20) pairs of leaflets each leaflets obtuse of a green-bluish colour, 3-6 x 1-2 mm. Stipulate axillary pairs of thorns 0.2-3 cm long, sometimes lacking. Flowers of an orange color, very fragrant with a smell of violet, grouped in 50 or more globose heads 1.5-2.0 cm in diameter, grouped by 2-3, or isolated on an 8-35 mm long slender, hairy-downy peduncle. The fruit is a green pod, turning black or dark brown at maturity, thick, indehiscent, cylindrical, 4-8 cm long and 0.8-1.5 cm in diameter, each contains 12 to 14 seeds. Seeds transversally set in the pods, ovoid, compressed, 6-7 x 4-5 mm, coated with a characteristic whitish medulla. Life span 10-50 years.
Habitat
It’s often inadvertent introduction and subsequent naturalization is due to its flexible ecological requirements and readily high germination rate which makes it able to colonize disturbed land left open by the elimination of native vegetation.
Soil
It is one of the few woody plants which grows naturally on the heavy, cracking calcareous clay grasslands in north-west Queensland and along stream banks in northern Australia. It is also one of the few species which can persist along highly saline artesian watering drains for sheep and cattle, where it also provides valuable shade.
Distribution
A. farnesiana originates from North and Central American tropics and subtropics : South USA, North Mexico where it is known as "Huisache". It was introduced to Europe in the 17 th century, thence spread and became naturalized in many of the world’s subtropical and tropical arid lands : North Africa, Sahel, East Africa, Arabian Peninsula, Pakistan, India, Australia. Now common throughout the tropics. Formerly a garden plant. Common in Viti Levu (Fiji), and northern Australia, southern Australia, southern France and Africa.
Crop management
Considered one of the worst weeds in Fiji (Mune and Parham, 1967) and is also a problem in the Northern Territory of Australia (Hall, 1967).
In Fiji, it is controlled manually by digging out roots and seedlings; by building a fire around the stems at ground level and maintaining a fierce heat for several hours; or by spraying seedlings and young plants with 1.6 kg. acid equivalent of 2,4,5-T ester diluted in 180 litres of water or diesel fuel oil applied as a fine spray to the leaves and stems. Spraying will most likely need to be repeated. Mature bushes should be sprayed with a basal application of 2,4,5-T ester at the rate of 1.6 kg. acid equivalent diluted in 270 litres of diesel fuel oil. The mixture is applied as a fine spray or painted on the dry bark at the base of the stems from ground level to a height of 1 metre, to thoroughly wet the bark. Shrubs so treated take three to six months to die. Hall (1967) recommends treating cut stumps with a mixture of 1 kg. of 2,4,5-T in 45 litres of diesel oil.
Propagation
Seed propagation easy, without any treatment.
Products & uses
It is of considerable value in supplementing the diet of roughage provided by the Astrebla and Dichanthium native grasses in the dry season (Everist, 1969). Fine textured heavy wood, amenable to a nice polish, pods are eaten by stock before maturity, at maturity they become woody, hard, unpalatable. A. farnesiana makes good defensive hedges, it is sometimes planted for its flowers that provide a fragrant essential oil used in the perfume industry as a violet scent substitute.
Nutritional Quality and Animal Production
It has a crude protein content of 18.4 percent.
Links:
Crop index of the Purdue University: Information about distribution, ecology, use, yields etc.
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Conservatory : Description, classification etc; photograph and link to zone maps of the world
WattleWeb: Description, links and references
Weed control: Study abstract of the ARS (Agricultural Research Service)
Invasive plant species: Ecology, propagation and control in the Pacific island ecosystems; photographs
Environmental requirements: Information about distribution, ecology, use, yields etc.; photograph
Acacia farnesiana Willd. and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Article abstract
Links for the genus:
The WattleWeb: Acacias from A-Z
Seed treatment and inoculation: Instructions for acacias and other NFT (Nitrogen Fixing Trees)
Sustainable livestock production: Indigenous knowledge in utilization of local trees and shrubs in central Tanzania
References
Berhaut 1975 ; Delwaulle 1979 ; Simmons 1981 ; Dommergues et al. 1999.
**** www.stuartxchange.com/Aroma.html
Botany
Aroma is a much branched, spiny shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 2 to 4 meters. Branches are more or less zigzagging, lenticellate, with sharp stipular spines, 1 to 4 centimeters long; branchlet spines are smaller. Leaves are bipinnate, 5 to 8 centimeters long. Pinnae are usually 10 to 12. Leaflets are linear-oblong, 15 to 40, and 4 to 7 millimeters long. Heads are axillary, solitary or fascicled, rounded and about 1 centimeter in diameter. Flowers are numerous, yellow and fragrant. Pods are smooth, brown, nearly cylindrical, 5 to 7 centimeters long, 1 1.5 centimeters wide, straight and curved. Seeds in two series, embedded in dry spongy tissue.
Distribution
- Open grasslands and thickets at low and medium altitudes, especially common in regions with long dry season.
- Native of tropical America.
- Introduced from Mexico by the Spaniards.
- Pantropic.
Constituents
- Bark yields a gum, resembliing gum arabic. The oil contains benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, a ketone with odor of methone, anisic aldehyde, decyclic aldehyde, and cuminic aldehyde.
- Some studies suggest an alkaloid in the bark gum.
- Yields a greenish yellow and viscid essetial oil. Oil contains 30.9 % salycilic acid methyl ester.
- The oil, deprived of its phenols, yields benzaldehydem benzyl alcohol, a ketone with the odor of menthone, anisic aldehyde, decyclic aldehyde, and cuminic aldehyde. The presence of geranionl and linalool is probable.
- A study show the oil contains 30.9% of salicylic acid methyl ester.
- The pod contains a tannin which is a glucoside of ellagic acid.
- The bark likewise is reported to contain a tannin.
Properties
- Odor of the perfume smells like violet, but more intense.
- Bark is considered astringent and demulcent.
- Fruit is astringent.
Parts utilized
Bark, flowers, leaves
Uses
Edibility
- Roasted pods used in sweet and sour dishes.
- Ripe seeds put through a press to make oil for cooking. However, there are anecdotal reports of seeds used to kill rabid dogs, the activity attributed to an unnamed toxic alkaloid.
Folkloric
- In the Philippines, the aroma bark is considered astringent, in decoction is used in the treament of prolapse rectum and as an injection for leucorrhea.
- Poultice of young leaves used for ulcers and sores previously washed by a decoction of same leaves.
- In San Luis Potosi decoction of roots has been used in the treatment of tuberculosis.
- Lotion of leaves used sores and skin afflictions.
- In Martinique, the flowers used as stimulant and antispasmodic.
- In West Tropical Africa, the roots, containing gum, is chewed for sore throat.
- In India, decoction of bark with ginger used as astringent wash for teeth; also used for bleeding gums.
- Bruised tender leaves taken with water for gonorrhea.
- Pulverized dried leaves applied as dressing for wounds.
- Leaves prescribed for affections of the bladder.
- Lotion of leaves is applied externally for sores and skin diseases.
- Internally, leaves used for diarrhea.
- In Martinique, used as stimulant and antispasmodic.
- In Java bark is used as an emetic.
- In Costa Rica infusion of bark is astringent.
- In Uruguay, a decoction of flowers used for diseases of women.
In Mexico, ointment from flowers are used for headaches; as infusion, for dyspepsia.
- Decoction of the green pods used for dysentery and skin inflammations.
- Decoction of fruit used for dysentery and inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes.
- Oil employed as adjunct to aphrodisiacs in spermatorrhea.
- In Uruguay, decoction of flowers used for female diseases.
In Guatemala, flower infusion used as stomachic; also used for dyspepsia and neuroses.
In Columbia, bark decoction used for bathing in typhoid.
In Costa Rica, decoction of gum from trunk used for diarrhea; the pod infusion for diarrhea, leucorrhea and uterorrhagia.
Elsewhere, decoction of root used in hot baths for stomach cancer. Plaster from pulp used to alleviate tumors.
Others
Gum arabic: Bark exudes a gum similar to gum arabic. Mucilage can be prepared from the gum.
Perfume: Flowers known commercially as cassie flowers. Tree is grown extensively in France for the flowers fragrant perfume. Cassie perfume used for boquets and hair pomades. Diluted with other odors it imparts a true flowery fragrance.
Toothbrush: Woody branches used in India as tooth brushes.
Tanning: The tannin-rich bark is used for tanning leather.
Dye: A black dye is obtained from the pods. In some parts of India, the bark and pods are used as dye-stuff and for tanning.
Feed: In Mexico, the pods studied as alternate feed for sheep. source
Studies
• Antiinflammatory / Cytotoxicity: Study yielded four new diterpenes–acasiane B, farnesirane A, farnesirane B with three known diterpenes and eight flavonboids. Some of the compounds exhibited cytotoxicity to human cancer cell lines while some showed moderate antiinflammatory activity.
• Vibrio cholera inhibition: Study of 32 medicinal plants showed the ethanolic extracts of A farnesiana and Artemisia ludoviciana effectively inhibited bacterial growth of Cholera vibrio strains, effects on enterotoxin production and adhesion were also studied.
• Natural Herbicide: In a study screening 6 potentially allelopathic plant species, the seed extract of A. farnesiana exhibited 32% inhibition of growth of L. aequinoctialis.
• Antiinflammatory: (1) A study of 14 plants of the Mexican medicinal flora was studied for its antiinflammatory activity. Acacia farnesiana plant extract showed activity against induced hind-paw edema. (2) Study of ethanolic extract showed significant anti-inflammatory activity in both carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granulation models.
• Antimalarial: In a study of 10 vegetal extracts, eight including Acacia farnesiana showed good activity against Plasmodium falcifarum.
• Essential Oil / Antifungal: Study showed the essential oil of cassia flower was able to inhibit the mycelium growth and spore formation of A brassicola, A flavus, B oryzae, F moniliforme, F proliferatum, P arisea and R solani, indicating its potential as an alternative source of synthetic fungicides to control pathogenic fungi.
• Antimicrobial / Antioxidant: Study of ethanol extract showed a response to all antioxidant assays in a concentration dependent manner. The extract also exhibited antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The extract yielded flavonoids galloylglycoside and flavonoids glycosides.
Availability
Wild-crafted.
Field Bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis….#1
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Taken on October 7, 2012 in Hewitt city, Texas state, Southern of America.
Vietnamese named :
Common names : Field Bindweed
Scientist name ; Convolvulus arvensis L.
Synonyms : Convolvulus ambigens House
Convolvulus incanus auct. non Vahl
Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small
Family: Convolvulaceae – Morning-glory family
Group : Dicot
Duration : Perennial
Growth Habit : Vine – Forb/herb
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Asteridae
Order : Solanales
Genus : Convolvulus L. – bindweed
Species : Convolvulus arvensis L. – field bindweed
**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=coar4
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolvulus_arvensis
**** www.missouriplants.com/Whitealt/Convolvulus_arvensis_page…
**** www.ppws.vt.edu/scott/weed_id/conar.htm
**** www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Convolvulus+arvensis
Physical Characteristics
Convolvulus arvensis is a PERENNIAL CLIMBER growing to 2 m (6ft 7in).
It is hardy to zone 5. It is in flower from Jun to September, and the seeds ripen from Aug to October. The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees, flies, self.The plant is self-fertile.
Suitable for: light (sandy) and medium (loamy) soils and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. Suitable pH: neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers dry or moist soil.
Edible Parts:
Edible Uses: Condiment.
The plant has been used as a flavouring in a liqueur called ‘Noyeau’[2]. No details are given as to which part of the plant is used[K].
Medicinal Uses
Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.
Cholagogue; Diuretic; Laxative; Purgative; Stings; Women’s complaints.
The root, and also a resin made from the root, is cholagogue, diuretic, laxative and strongly purgative[4, 7. 9. 13, 240]. The dried root contains 4.9% resin[240]. The juice of the root is used in the treatment of fevers[272]. A tea made from the flowers is laxative and is also used in the treatment of fevers and wounds[222]. A cold tea made from the leaves is laxative and is also used as a wash for spider bites or taken internally to reduce excessive menstrual flow[222, 257].
Other Uses
Dye; String.
The stem is used as a twine for tying up plants etc[6, 99]. It is fairly flexible and strong but not long-lasting. A green dye is obtained from the whole plant[168].
Cultivation details
Prefers a lighter basic soil[17] of low to medium fertility[200]. Bindweed is a very deep-rooting plant with a vigorous root system that extends to a considerable distance and is very hard to eradicate from the soil. Even a small piece of the root will grow into a new plant if it is left in the ground. Once established this plant soon becomes a pernicious weed[1, 4]. It is a climbing plant that supports itself by twining around any support it can find and can soon swamp and strangle other plants[4]. The flowers close at night and also during rainy weather[4]. Although visited by numerous insects, the flowers seldom set fertile seed[4]. On sunny days the flowers diffuse a scent of heliotrope[245]. The plant harbours tobacco mosaic virus of the Solanaceae[13] and so should not be grown near potatoes, tomatoes and other members of that family.
Propagation
Seed – best sown in situ as soon as it is ripe, it germinates in the autumn[164]. This species can become a real pest in the garden so it is unwise to encourage it.
**** www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12572240
P R Health Sci J. 2002 Dec;21(4):323-8.
Effects of a high molecular mass Convolvulus arvensis extract on tumor growth and angiogenesis.
Meng XL, Riordan NH, Casciari JJ, Zhu Y, Zhong J, González MJ, Miranda-Massari JR, Riordan HD.
Source
Bio-Communications Research Institute, Center for the Improvement of Human Functioning, 3100 North Hillside Avenue, Wichita, KS 67219, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Plant materials represent promising sources of anti-cancer agents. We developed and tested a novel extract from the ubiquitous plant Convolvulus arvensis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Convolvulus arvensis components were extracted in boiling water, and small molecules were removed by high-pressure filtration. The extract’s biological activity was assessed by measuring its effects on S-180 fibrosarcoma growth in Kun Ming mice and on heparin-induced angiogenesis in chick embryos. We also examined the extract’s effects on lymphocytes ex vivo and tumor cell growth in vitro.
RESULTS:
The extract (primarily proteins and polysaccharides) inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent fashion when administered orally. At the highest dose tested, 200 mg/kg/day, tumor growth was inhibited by roughly seventy percent. Subcutaneous or intraperitoneal administration at 50 mg/kg/day also inhibited tumor growth by over seventy percent. The extract’s acute LD50 in Kun Ming mice was 500 mg/kg/day when injected, indicating that tumor growth inhibition occurred at non-toxic doses. It inhibited angiogenesis in chick embryos, improved lymphocyte survival ex vivo, and enhanced yeast phagocytosis, but did not kill tumor cells in culture.
CONCLUSION:
High molecular mass extract deserves further study as an anti-cancer agent.
**** csn.cancer.org/node/221679 : CLICK ON LINK TO READ MORE, please.
More info on bindweed
BINDWEED (AN ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR)
Examples of Patient Reports From The Center
The RECNAC team (CANCER spelled backwards) is located in Wichita, KS, at The Center for the Improvement of Human Functioning International. A breast cancer survivor of 14 years, who used the Center’s approach to fight her disease, altered the name to counter the grim aura that frequently hovers over cancer. Dr. Hugh D. Riordan, RECNAC Project Director, says the key to finding successful treatments for cancer is identifying where to look and being willing to search in unusual places. Dr. Riordan emphasizes the importance of finding ways to nurture and soothe the spirit of the cancer patient as well as the body. The Center, referred to as the Bright Spot for Health, has welcomed thousands of people from all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and 40 foreign countries. A hopeful, confident clinical environment tends to assure patients and expedite recovery.
Impressive cancer research is emanating from the Midwest, more specifically Wichita and physician/researcher Hugh Riordan, M.D., and his corroborating team of scientists. The following narrative illustrates why many in the scientific community are excited about their work.
A survivor of ovarian cancer entered the clinic relaying a hopeful story concerning her recovery. Following diagnosis, the woman, concerned with orthodox therapies, independently sought an alternative treatment. The decision to look elsewhere was not difficult because the woman’s mother had died 7 years earlier with the same disease and doctors felt the daughter’s chances of survival equally bleak.
The woman traveled to Oklahoma where a shaman gave her a tincture of Bindweed (Convolulus arvensis) with instructions to use the substance daily. (Bindweed, a common garden weed, is a bane to farmers.) The woman testified that after using Bindweed for 1 year, her abdomen returned to a normal size. Asymptomatic, she returned to her physician, who after a battery of tests pronounced her cancer-free…………………………………
**** organicpharmacy.org/products/VascuStatin
VascuStatin
VascuStatin is a water extraction of the leaves of the herb Convolvulus arvensis, commonly known as bindweed, and is rich in proteoglycan mixture (PGM). In combination with proper nutrition, it enhances the immune system’s ability to maintain good health. The bindweed used as the source of the PGM in VascuStatin Formula is grown in Wyoming. It is a non-toxic extract, as the toxic alkaloids are removed by a proprietary process.*
VascuStatin supports the human body in potentially reducing vascular formations associated with certain conditions of reduced metabolism, diminished immunity and mutating cells.* Formation of new blood vessels is well-known to play a crucial role in tumor survival and growth. Several agents that act as angiogenesis inhibitors are currently being investigated as anti-tumor agents. The active ingredient of VascuStatin, PGM (proteoglycan mixture), a non-toxic extract of the plant Convolvulus Arvensis (bindweed), is one of those agents.*
Native Americans have traditionally used plants like bindweed to support the health of the skin, which was especially important under the harsher living conditions of times past.* Although we do not know of modern research supporting this use of field bindweed, we recognize that field bindweed’s traditional value may have involved its component proteoglycans.*
Recent research suggests that PGM has potent immune stimulating properties.* In a recent in vitro study, lymphocyte proliferation and phagocyte activity increased with PGM administration.* Through range of concentration medium of 0 to 100 mcg/ml of PGM, lymphocyte proliferation and activity increased 46 to 85%, respectively.* Another study used the chicken egg chorio-allantoic membrane assay to study PGM regarding vascularization.*
PGM’s activity may depend upon its ability to change the biological balance between specific cytokines, such as interleukin 8 and platelet activating factor 4.* Excess secretion of cytokines from specific cells can speed their neovascularization and growth. Proteoglycan proteins can bind and inactivate the above mentioned cytokines. In our review of the properties of PGM, it appears to be an effective support of the body’s own immune defenses.*
Nice Cell Membrane photos
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