Some cool cell membrane images:
Indian Heliotrope, Heliotropium indicum ….Vòi voi….#4
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Chụp hình tại huyên Củ Chi, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, miền Nam Việt-Nam
Taken in Cu Chi district, Ho chi Minh city ( Saigon ), southern of Vietnam.
Vietnamese named : Vòi Voi, Thiên giới thảo, Đại vĩ đao, Cẩu vĩ trùng.
Common names : Indian Heliotrope, Indian turnsole (Engl.), Kabra-kabra (Bis.), Erysipela plant (Engl.), Lengua de sapo (Span.), Trompa ng elepante (Tag.), Da wei yao (Chin.)….
Scientist name : Heliotropium indicum L.
Synonyms : Tiaridium indicum (L.) Lehm.
Family : Boraginaceae. Họ Vòi Voi.
Group : Dicot
Duration : Annual
Growth Habit : Forb/herb
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Asteridae
Order : Lamiales
Genus : Heliotropium L. – heliotrope
Species : Heliotropium indicum L. – Indian heliotrope
**** www.nguyenkynam.com/dacbiet/voivoi.htm
Cây vòi voi ở Việt Nam được xác định tên khoa học là Heliotropium indicum L. hoặc Heliotropium anisophyllum P de B. Họ vòi voi. Cách đây 19 năm, năm 1985, Bộ Y tế đã có công văn thông báo cho Sở Y tế các tỉnh thành về độc tính của cây vòi voi:
Theo khuyến cáo của Tổ chức Y tế Thế giới (WHO); Từ năm 1969, các nhà khoa học đã phát hiện trong một số loài Heliotropium như Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fish et Mey có một số alkaloid độc tính cao với gan, gây hủy hoại tổ chức gan, đau bụng, tiêu chảy, xuất huyết lan tỏa và có thể gây ung thư. Độc tính này không xuất hiện ngay sau khi dùng thuốc mà kéo dài âm ỉ, khó phát hiện. Do đó không nên dùng cây vòi voi làm thuốc”.
Trên thế giới, nhiều nước có nhiều cây vòi voi mọc hoang cùng chi Heliotropium nhưng lại có nhiều loài. Cây vòi voi ở Việt Nam chưa ai nghiên cứu xác định độc tố nói trên. Vì vậy tốt nhất ta không dùng cây vòi voi làm thuốc uống và thận trọng khi dùng cây vòi voi làm thuốc đắp chữa các bệnh ngoài da như: nhọt giai đoạn chưa có mủ, viêm tấy, tụ huyết, sưng khớp.
Mặt khác, ở nước ta từ năm 1965-1990, ngành y tế đã phát động phong trào sử dụng thuốc Nam, châm cứu chữa 7 bệnh chứng thông thường ở tuyến y tế cơ sở; Xuất bản sách hướng dẫn dùng thuốc, trong đó có cây vòi voi làm thuốc chữa phong thấp, đinh nhọt độc như:
- “Thuốc Nam châm cứu” phần dược, Viện Đông y biên soạn 1967, có đề cập đến cây vòi voi ở trang 68.
- “Hướng dẫn thuốc Nam châm cứu” Bộ Y tế in năm 1977, có đề cập đến vị vòi voi ở trang 125.
- “Hướng dẫn trồng và sử dụng thuốc Nam châm cứu” Vụ Dược chính in năm 1983, có đề cập đến cây vòi voi ở trang 218 và 234. Số lượng in 3 cuốn sách trên hàng mấy chục ngàn bản, được cấp phát đến y tế tuyến xã cả nước.
Sau năm 1985, tuy Bộ Y tế đã có thông báo nhưng nhiều tác giả chưa quan tâm đến cây vòi voi có độc nên vẫn tiếp tục viết sách, báo phổ biến các bài thuốc uống chữa phong thấp mụn nhọt có cây vòi voi.
Vì vậy chúng tôi xin đề nghị: Những ai có trong tay các sách báo viết về cây vòi voi, bài thuốc uống có vị vòi voi xin sửa lại ngay là: Có độc không dùng làm thuốc uống và mách cho bạn bè cùng sửa để tránh những hậu quả đáng tiếc có thể xảy ra. Cây vòi voi còn có tên là Thiên giới thảo, Đại vĩ đao, Cẩu vĩ trùng; Vì vậy nếu bạn có tài liệu nào đề cập đến vị thuốc uống có tên này cũng cần sửa để đảm bảo an toàn.
Còn việc chế biến cây vòi voi bằng cách sao vàng hạ thổ, đất sẽ hút độc đi! Đó là ý tưởng cần được nghiên cứu thử nghiệm một cách khoa học, trước tiên là trên súc vật thí nghiệm. Xin chớ đem bản thân mình hoặc người bệnh ra thử nghiệm.
DS. Trần Xuân Thuyết
_______________________________________________________
**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HEIN
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotropium_indicum
**** www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=a…
**** ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&am…
**** www.stuartxchange.com/TrompangElepante.html
Trompang elepante
Heliotropium indicum Linn.
INDIAN HELIOTROPE
Da wei yao
Botany
Trompang elepante is an annual, erect, branched, hirsute plant, 15 to 50 centimeters high. Leaves are opposite or alternate, ovate to oblong-ovate, somewhat hairy, acute or acuminate, base decurrent along the petiole, 3 to 8 centimeters long. Flowers are small, and borne on one side of curved, terminal, or leaf-opposed spikes which are 3 to 8 centimeters long. Calyx is green. Corolla is pale lavender to nearly white, funnel-shaped, and about 5 millimeters long, with a slender and cylindric tube and the limb 3 to 3.5 millimeters in diameter. Stamens are 5, inserted on the corolla tube. Ovary completely or imperfectly 4-celled, 4 ovules, style terminal or leaf opposed, 3 to 10 cm long, flowers all in one side, the lower ones opening first. Fruit id 4 to 5 millimeters long, composed of 2, ovoid, beaked nutlets.
Distribution
- A common weed in waste places and settled areas throughout the Philippines at low altitudes.
- Pantropic in distribution.
Parts used
· Entire plant.
· May be collected throughout the year.
· Rinse, use fresh.
Constituents
· Stems and leaves contain tannin and an alkaloidal principle.
· Study isolated a major alkaloid, heliotrine, from the seed of Heliotropium indicum. and was found to have ganglion blocking activity.
· Phytochemical screening yielded phytosterols, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds.
· Phytochemical screening of various extracts of aerial parts yielded alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids.
Properties
· No taste, cooling effect, insecticide-antidermatosis.
· Leaves are emollient and diuretic.
· Drug causes contraction of muscular fibers, mucous membranes and other tissues.
Uses
Folkloric
· In the Philippines, decoction of dried roots used as emmenagogue.
· Few seeds, masticated and eaten, said to be a good stomachic.
· Skin pruritus, scabies: use pounded fresh material (quantity sufficient combine with kerosene applied over the afflicted area.)
· Concentrated decoction may also be used as external wash over afflicted area.
· Decoction of leaves used for washing cuts and sores; also used for the treatment of cholera.
· Decoction of leaves used as pectoral and antiscabious.
· Poultice of pounded leaves or bruised leaves applied to wounds and boils; also, inflamed joints.
· Juice of leaves used for facial acne, gum-boils, sores and wounds.
· Sap of leaves, mixed with salt, used for clearing vision.
· Plant used for ear and skin infections.
· Leaves used for poulticing herpes and rheumatism.
· Decoction of leaves and flowers used as gargle for sore throats and tonsillitis.
· Flowers in small doses are emmenagogue; in large doses, abortive.
· In Mexico, decoction of roots or any plant part used for asthma.
· In Liberia, considered and used as "erysipelas" plant.
· In India, juice of leaves used for treating sores and insect bites.
· Leaf juice given to infants for cough.
· In Costa Rica, leaves are crushed and used as resolvent for abscesses and furuncles.
· In Indo-China, decoction of leaves used for urticaria.
· In Nigeria, used for fevers and ulcers.
· Sino-Annamites used the plant for beri-beri.
· In West Africa, used for vomiting, amenorrhea, high blood pressure; sap applied to gumboils, clean up ulcers and for eye infections.
· In Sierra Leone , decoction of leaves used for washing new-born babies.
· In Senegal, leaf powder used for dermatitis, eczema, impetigo in children.
· In Indonesia, leaf decoction is used for thrush; poultices used for herpes and rheumatism.
· In Thailand, traditionally used for wound healing.
· In Taiwan, a folk remedy for sore throat and lung diseases.
Studies
• Gastroprotective / Antimicrobial: Study of the aqueous extracts of dried leaves of Heliotropium indicum showed dose-dependent gastroprotective effects.
• Wound Healing: (1) Study of 10% topical application increased the percentage of wound contraction, increased tensile strength and decreased time of healing from rapid epithelization and collagenization. (2) Ethanolic extract of HI showed to have better wound healing activity than P zeylanicum and A indica. (3)Study showed significant promotion of wound healing with methanol and aqueous extracts. In the wound infection model (Staph aureus and P. aeruginosa), the methanol extract showed significant healing activity compared to standard nitrofurazone.
• Anti-Tumor: Isolated oxide of alkaloid indicine from HI showed significant anti-tumor activity in carcinosarcoma, leukemia, and melanoma tumor systems.
• Anti-Inflammatory: (1) Study of H indicum produced significant antiinflammatory effect in both acute and subacute models of inflammation, with activities comparable to acetylsalicylic acid and phenylbutazone respectively. (2) Petroleum and ethanol extracts exhibited considerable anti-inflammatory activity compared with ketorolac trimethamine as standard.
• Anti-Tuberculosis: Study of the volatile oil from the aerial parts of HI showed significant antituberculosis activity against M tuberculosis. The major constituents were phytol, e-dodecanol, and ß-linalool.
• Anti-Tumor: Extract study yielded an active principle, an N-oxide of the alkaloid indicine, which showed significant activity in several experimental tumor systems.
• Anti-Proliferative: One of nine Thai medicinal plants studied on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line; all extracts showed IC50 in the potential range for activity against cancer cells.
• Immunostimulant Effect: Dried leaves extract significantly increased in vitro phagocytic index and lymphyocyte viability in all assays, increase in antibody titer and delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. Results conclude a dose-dependent immunostimulant effect, probably due to the alkaloid content or combination of other components.
• Gastroprotective Effect: Phytochemical analysis yielded alkaloid, saponins and tannins. A gastroprotective function is through its ability to mobilize endogenous prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa, and may be in part due to tannins and saponin constituents.
• Repellent Effect: In a search for insecticides and antifeedants of plant origin against Utetheisa pulchella, H indicum killed 56% of the young larvae but did not affect fifth- and sixth-instar larvae.
• Antimicrobial / Phytochemical Screening: Antimicrobial screening of various extracts of aerial parts showed significant zones of inhibition against 70% of the test organisms. Extracts yielded alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids while phobotamins, steroids, coumarin, and cardiac glycosides were absent in all the crude extracts.
• Analgesic / Stem: Study of hydroalcoholic extract of the stem of H. indicum in a hot plate model showed significant analgesic effect compared to the standard drug Diclofenac.
Toxicity
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) is found virtually in all plants in the Boraginaceae family. PAs have been shown to cause toxic reactions in humans, primarily veno-occlusive disease, when taken as herbal medicine or with food. It has also believed to cause liver damage.
Availability
Wild-crafted.
**** medplants.blogspot.com/2012/10/heliotropium-indicum-hatha…
Click on link to read more, please.
Dominican Medicinal Uses: The leaves are traditionally boiled in water and taken as a tea or bath for skin conditions including rash, papules, pustules, measles and chicken pox. Clinical Data: In human clinical trials, isolated plant constituents (alkaloids) have been investigated for their anti-cancer effects. Laboratory & Preclinical Data: The leaves have shown anti-inflammatory activity in animal studies, and the ethanolic extract has shown wound-healing effects. In vitro, plant extracts have demonstrated antitumor activity. (Source: Dominican Medicinal Plants: A Guide for Health Care Providers)
Indications: Abscess, Amenorrhea, Aphtha, Arthrosis, Asthma, Bite, Bleeding, Boil, Bronchosis, Calculus, Cancer, Childbirth, Chilblain, Cold, Cough, Cramp, Dermatosis, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Dysmenorrhea, Eczema, Enterosis, Erysipelas, Fever, Furuncle, Gingivosis, Gravel, Hemorrhoid, Hyperuricemia, Inflammation, Itch, Kidney Stone, Leprosy, Leukemia, Malaria, Melanoma, Myalgia, Nausea, Nephrosis, Ophthalmia, Pain, Paroxysm, Pharyngosis, Rash, Rheumatism, Scabies, Sore, Sore Throat, Sting, Tumor, Ulcer, Vomiting, Wart, Water Retention, Wound. (Handbook of Medicinal Herbs)
Action: Plant—diuretic, astringent, emollient, vulnerary. Used as a local application for ulcers, wounds, sores, gum boils and skin affections. Decoction of leaves is used in urticaria and fevers; that of root in coughs. Flowers—emmenagogue in small doses, abortifacient in large doses. Masticated seeds— stomachic. The inflorescences are used by tribals for scorpion bite. The aqueous and alcohol extracts of the plant possess oxytocic activity. The roots contain significant amounts of estradiol, a sex hormone. (Indian Medicinal Plants)
Uses: In Burma, a decoction of the plant is used to treat gonorrhea. In Indonesia, an infusion of the leaves is used to soothe mouth sprue. In Malaysia, a paste of the plant is used to reduce urination, to counteract putrefaction, to treat pyoderma and ringworm infection, and to soothe irritated skin. The plant is used to combat fever, to soothe inflammation, to treat orchit, pneumonia and pulmonary abscesses, to heal ulcers and to assuage liver discomfort. In the Philippines, a decoction of the dried roots is drunk to promote menses. The seeds are used to promote digestion and the leaves are used to treat cholera, malaria, to counteract putrefaction and to heal wounds. (Medicinal plants of the aisa-pacific: drugs for the future?)
This species is occasionally used in Jamaica in the same way as H. parviflorum. Lunan claimed that a decoction is diuretic; that the plant makes a cleansing and healing dressing for wounds and ulcers; and that it may be boiled with coconut oil to make a plaster for scorpion stings and dog bites. In Africa and India it has been employed in the treatment of fevers. skin complaints. boils. sores. ophthalmia. head lice and insect bites. (Medlcinal Plants of Jamaica. Parts I&II)
Indications: Oliguria, haematuria as anti – inflammatory agent and oedema due to renal diseases and other causes. (Medicinal Plants of Myanmar)
Indian Heliotrope, Heliotropium indicum ….Vòi voi….#2
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Chụp hình tại huyên Củ Chi, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, miền Nam Việt-Nam
Taken in Cu Chi district, Ho chi Minh city ( Saigon ), southern of Vietnam.
Vietnamese named : Vòi Voi, Thiên giới thảo, Đại vĩ đao, Cẩu vĩ trùng.
Common names : Indian Heliotrope, Indian turnsole (Engl.), Kabra-kabra (Bis.), Erysipela plant (Engl.), Lengua de sapo (Span.), Trompa ng elepante (Tag.), Da wei yao (Chin.)….
Scientist name : Heliotropium indicum L.
Synonyms : Tiaridium indicum (L.) Lehm.
Family : Boraginaceae. Họ Vòi Voi.
Group : Dicot
Duration : Annual
Growth Habit : Forb/herb
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Asteridae
Order : Lamiales
Genus : Heliotropium L. – heliotrope
Species : Heliotropium indicum L. – Indian heliotrope
**** www.nguyenkynam.com/dacbiet/voivoi.htm
Cây vòi voi ở Việt Nam được xác định tên khoa học là Heliotropium indicum L. hoặc Heliotropium anisophyllum P de B. Họ vòi voi. Cách đây 19 năm, năm 1985, Bộ Y tế đã có công văn thông báo cho Sở Y tế các tỉnh thành về độc tính của cây vòi voi:
Theo khuyến cáo của Tổ chức Y tế Thế giới (WHO); Từ năm 1969, các nhà khoa học đã phát hiện trong một số loài Heliotropium như Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fish et Mey có một số alkaloid độc tính cao với gan, gây hủy hoại tổ chức gan, đau bụng, tiêu chảy, xuất huyết lan tỏa và có thể gây ung thư. Độc tính này không xuất hiện ngay sau khi dùng thuốc mà kéo dài âm ỉ, khó phát hiện. Do đó không nên dùng cây vòi voi làm thuốc”.
Trên thế giới, nhiều nước có nhiều cây vòi voi mọc hoang cùng chi Heliotropium nhưng lại có nhiều loài. Cây vòi voi ở Việt Nam chưa ai nghiên cứu xác định độc tố nói trên. Vì vậy tốt nhất ta không dùng cây vòi voi làm thuốc uống và thận trọng khi dùng cây vòi voi làm thuốc đắp chữa các bệnh ngoài da như: nhọt giai đoạn chưa có mủ, viêm tấy, tụ huyết, sưng khớp.
Mặt khác, ở nước ta từ năm 1965-1990, ngành y tế đã phát động phong trào sử dụng thuốc Nam, châm cứu chữa 7 bệnh chứng thông thường ở tuyến y tế cơ sở; Xuất bản sách hướng dẫn dùng thuốc, trong đó có cây vòi voi làm thuốc chữa phong thấp, đinh nhọt độc như:
- “Thuốc Nam châm cứu” phần dược, Viện Đông y biên soạn 1967, có đề cập đến cây vòi voi ở trang 68.
- “Hướng dẫn thuốc Nam châm cứu” Bộ Y tế in năm 1977, có đề cập đến vị vòi voi ở trang 125.
- “Hướng dẫn trồng và sử dụng thuốc Nam châm cứu” Vụ Dược chính in năm 1983, có đề cập đến cây vòi voi ở trang 218 và 234. Số lượng in 3 cuốn sách trên hàng mấy chục ngàn bản, được cấp phát đến y tế tuyến xã cả nước.
Sau năm 1985, tuy Bộ Y tế đã có thông báo nhưng nhiều tác giả chưa quan tâm đến cây vòi voi có độc nên vẫn tiếp tục viết sách, báo phổ biến các bài thuốc uống chữa phong thấp mụn nhọt có cây vòi voi.
Vì vậy chúng tôi xin đề nghị: Những ai có trong tay các sách báo viết về cây vòi voi, bài thuốc uống có vị vòi voi xin sửa lại ngay là: Có độc không dùng làm thuốc uống và mách cho bạn bè cùng sửa để tránh những hậu quả đáng tiếc có thể xảy ra. Cây vòi voi còn có tên là Thiên giới thảo, Đại vĩ đao, Cẩu vĩ trùng; Vì vậy nếu bạn có tài liệu nào đề cập đến vị thuốc uống có tên này cũng cần sửa để đảm bảo an toàn.
Còn việc chế biến cây vòi voi bằng cách sao vàng hạ thổ, đất sẽ hút độc đi! Đó là ý tưởng cần được nghiên cứu thử nghiệm một cách khoa học, trước tiên là trên súc vật thí nghiệm. Xin chớ đem bản thân mình hoặc người bệnh ra thử nghiệm.
DS. Trần Xuân Thuyết
_______________________________________________________
**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HEIN
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotropium_indicum
**** www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=a…
**** ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&am…
**** www.stuartxchange.com/TrompangElepante.html
Trompang elepante
Heliotropium indicum Linn.
INDIAN HELIOTROPE
Da wei yao
Botany
Trompang elepante is an annual, erect, branched, hirsute plant, 15 to 50 centimeters high. Leaves are opposite or alternate, ovate to oblong-ovate, somewhat hairy, acute or acuminate, base decurrent along the petiole, 3 to 8 centimeters long. Flowers are small, and borne on one side of curved, terminal, or leaf-opposed spikes which are 3 to 8 centimeters long. Calyx is green. Corolla is pale lavender to nearly white, funnel-shaped, and about 5 millimeters long, with a slender and cylindric tube and the limb 3 to 3.5 millimeters in diameter. Stamens are 5, inserted on the corolla tube. Ovary completely or imperfectly 4-celled, 4 ovules, style terminal or leaf opposed, 3 to 10 cm long, flowers all in one side, the lower ones opening first. Fruit id 4 to 5 millimeters long, composed of 2, ovoid, beaked nutlets.
Distribution
- A common weed in waste places and settled areas throughout the Philippines at low altitudes.
- Pantropic in distribution.
Parts used
· Entire plant.
· May be collected throughout the year.
· Rinse, use fresh.
Constituents
· Stems and leaves contain tannin and an alkaloidal principle.
· Study isolated a major alkaloid, heliotrine, from the seed of Heliotropium indicum. and was found to have ganglion blocking activity.
· Phytochemical screening yielded phytosterols, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds.
· Phytochemical screening of various extracts of aerial parts yielded alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids.
Properties
· No taste, cooling effect, insecticide-antidermatosis.
· Leaves are emollient and diuretic.
· Drug causes contraction of muscular fibers, mucous membranes and other tissues.
Uses
Folkloric
· In the Philippines, decoction of dried roots used as emmenagogue.
· Few seeds, masticated and eaten, said to be a good stomachic.
· Skin pruritus, scabies: use pounded fresh material (quantity sufficient combine with kerosene applied over the afflicted area.)
· Concentrated decoction may also be used as external wash over afflicted area.
· Decoction of leaves used for washing cuts and sores; also used for the treatment of cholera.
· Decoction of leaves used as pectoral and antiscabious.
· Poultice of pounded leaves or bruised leaves applied to wounds and boils; also, inflamed joints.
· Juice of leaves used for facial acne, gum-boils, sores and wounds.
· Sap of leaves, mixed with salt, used for clearing vision.
· Plant used for ear and skin infections.
· Leaves used for poulticing herpes and rheumatism.
· Decoction of leaves and flowers used as gargle for sore throats and tonsillitis.
· Flowers in small doses are emmenagogue; in large doses, abortive.
· In Mexico, decoction of roots or any plant part used for asthma.
· In Liberia, considered and used as "erysipelas" plant.
· In India, juice of leaves used for treating sores and insect bites.
· Leaf juice given to infants for cough.
· In Costa Rica, leaves are crushed and used as resolvent for abscesses and furuncles.
· In Indo-China, decoction of leaves used for urticaria.
· In Nigeria, used for fevers and ulcers.
· Sino-Annamites used the plant for beri-beri.
· In West Africa, used for vomiting, amenorrhea, high blood pressure; sap applied to gumboils, clean up ulcers and for eye infections.
· In Sierra Leone , decoction of leaves used for washing new-born babies.
· In Senegal, leaf powder used for dermatitis, eczema, impetigo in children.
· In Indonesia, leaf decoction is used for thrush; poultices used for herpes and rheumatism.
· In Thailand, traditionally used for wound healing.
· In Taiwan, a folk remedy for sore throat and lung diseases.
Studies
• Gastroprotective / Antimicrobial: Study of the aqueous extracts of dried leaves of Heliotropium indicum showed dose-dependent gastroprotective effects.
• Wound Healing: (1) Study of 10% topical application increased the percentage of wound contraction, increased tensile strength and decreased time of healing from rapid epithelization and collagenization. (2) Ethanolic extract of HI showed to have better wound healing activity than P zeylanicum and A indica. (3)Study showed significant promotion of wound healing with methanol and aqueous extracts. In the wound infection model (Staph aureus and P. aeruginosa), the methanol extract showed significant healing activity compared to standard nitrofurazone.
• Anti-Tumor: Isolated oxide of alkaloid indicine from HI showed significant anti-tumor activity in carcinosarcoma, leukemia, and melanoma tumor systems.
• Anti-Inflammatory: (1) Study of H indicum produced significant antiinflammatory effect in both acute and subacute models of inflammation, with activities comparable to acetylsalicylic acid and phenylbutazone respectively. (2) Petroleum and ethanol extracts exhibited considerable anti-inflammatory activity compared with ketorolac trimethamine as standard.
• Anti-Tuberculosis: Study of the volatile oil from the aerial parts of HI showed significant antituberculosis activity against M tuberculosis. The major constituents were phytol, e-dodecanol, and ß-linalool.
• Anti-Tumor: Extract study yielded an active principle, an N-oxide of the alkaloid indicine, which showed significant activity in several experimental tumor systems.
• Anti-Proliferative: One of nine Thai medicinal plants studied on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line; all extracts showed IC50 in the potential range for activity against cancer cells.
• Immunostimulant Effect: Dried leaves extract significantly increased in vitro phagocytic index and lymphyocyte viability in all assays, increase in antibody titer and delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. Results conclude a dose-dependent immunostimulant effect, probably due to the alkaloid content or combination of other components.
• Gastroprotective Effect: Phytochemical analysis yielded alkaloid, saponins and tannins. A gastroprotective function is through its ability to mobilize endogenous prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa, and may be in part due to tannins and saponin constituents.
• Repellent Effect: In a search for insecticides and antifeedants of plant origin against Utetheisa pulchella, H indicum killed 56% of the young larvae but did not affect fifth- and sixth-instar larvae.
• Antimicrobial / Phytochemical Screening: Antimicrobial screening of various extracts of aerial parts showed significant zones of inhibition against 70% of the test organisms. Extracts yielded alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids while phobotamins, steroids, coumarin, and cardiac glycosides were absent in all the crude extracts.
• Analgesic / Stem: Study of hydroalcoholic extract of the stem of H. indicum in a hot plate model showed significant analgesic effect compared to the standard drug Diclofenac.
Toxicity
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) is found virtually in all plants in the Boraginaceae family. PAs have been shown to cause toxic reactions in humans, primarily veno-occlusive disease, when taken as herbal medicine or with food. It has also believed to cause liver damage.
Availability
Wild-crafted.
**** medplants.blogspot.com/2012/10/heliotropium-indicum-hatha…
Click on link to read more, please.
Dominican Medicinal Uses: The leaves are traditionally boiled in water and taken as a tea or bath for skin conditions including rash, papules, pustules, measles and chicken pox. Clinical Data: In human clinical trials, isolated plant constituents (alkaloids) have been investigated for their anti-cancer effects. Laboratory & Preclinical Data: The leaves have shown anti-inflammatory activity in animal studies, and the ethanolic extract has shown wound-healing effects. In vitro, plant extracts have demonstrated antitumor activity. (Source: Dominican Medicinal Plants: A Guide for Health Care Providers)
Indications: Abscess, Amenorrhea, Aphtha, Arthrosis, Asthma, Bite, Bleeding, Boil, Bronchosis, Calculus, Cancer, Childbirth, Chilblain, Cold, Cough, Cramp, Dermatosis, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Dysmenorrhea, Eczema, Enterosis, Erysipelas, Fever, Furuncle, Gingivosis, Gravel, Hemorrhoid, Hyperuricemia, Inflammation, Itch, Kidney Stone, Leprosy, Leukemia, Malaria, Melanoma, Myalgia, Nausea, Nephrosis, Ophthalmia, Pain, Paroxysm, Pharyngosis, Rash, Rheumatism, Scabies, Sore, Sore Throat, Sting, Tumor, Ulcer, Vomiting, Wart, Water Retention, Wound. (Handbook of Medicinal Herbs)
Action: Plant—diuretic, astringent, emollient, vulnerary. Used as a local application for ulcers, wounds, sores, gum boils and skin affections. Decoction of leaves is used in urticaria and fevers; that of root in coughs. Flowers—emmenagogue in small doses, abortifacient in large doses. Masticated seeds— stomachic. The inflorescences are used by tribals for scorpion bite. The aqueous and alcohol extracts of the plant possess oxytocic activity. The roots contain significant amounts of estradiol, a sex hormone. (Indian Medicinal Plants)
Uses: In Burma, a decoction of the plant is used to treat gonorrhea. In Indonesia, an infusion of the leaves is used to soothe mouth sprue. In Malaysia, a paste of the plant is used to reduce urination, to counteract putrefaction, to treat pyoderma and ringworm infection, and to soothe irritated skin. The plant is used to combat fever, to soothe inflammation, to treat orchit, pneumonia and pulmonary abscesses, to heal ulcers and to assuage liver discomfort. In the Philippines, a decoction of the dried roots is drunk to promote menses. The seeds are used to promote digestion and the leaves are used to treat cholera, malaria, to counteract putrefaction and to heal wounds. (Medicinal plants of the aisa-pacific: drugs for the future?)
This species is occasionally used in Jamaica in the same way as H. parviflorum. Lunan claimed that a decoction is diuretic; that the plant makes a cleansing and healing dressing for wounds and ulcers; and that it may be boiled with coconut oil to make a plaster for scorpion stings and dog bites. In Africa and India it has been employed in the treatment of fevers. skin complaints. boils. sores. ophthalmia. head lice and insect bites. (Medlcinal Plants of Jamaica. Parts I&II)
Indications: Oliguria, haematuria as anti – inflammatory agent and oedema due to renal diseases and other causes. (Medicinal Plants of Myanmar)
Indian Heliotrope, Heliotropium indicum ….Vòi voi….#1
Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Chụp hình tại huyên Củ Chi, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, miền Nam Việt-Nam
Taken in Cu Chi district, Ho chi Minh city ( Saigon ), southern of Vietnam.
Vietnamese named : Vòi Voi, Thiên giới thảo, Đại vĩ đao, Cẩu vĩ trùng.
Common names : Indian Heliotrope, Indian turnsole (Engl.), Kabra-kabra (Bis.), Erysipela plant (Engl.), Lengua de sapo (Span.), Trompa ng elepante (Tag.), Da wei yao (Chin.)….
Scientist name : Heliotropium indicum L.
Synonyms : Tiaridium indicum (L.) Lehm.
Family : Boraginaceae. Họ Vòi Voi.
Group : Dicot
Duration : Annual
Growth Habit : Forb/herb
Kingdom : Plantae – Plants
Subkingdom : Tracheobionta – Vascular plants
Superdivision : Spermatophyta – Seed plants
Division : Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants
Class : Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Subclass : Asteridae
Order : Lamiales
Genus : Heliotropium L. – heliotrope
Species : Heliotropium indicum L. – Indian heliotrope
**** www.nguyenkynam.com/dacbiet/voivoi.htm
Cây vòi voi ở Việt Nam được xác định tên khoa học là Heliotropium indicum L. hoặc Heliotropium anisophyllum P de B. Họ vòi voi. Cách đây 19 năm, năm 1985, Bộ Y tế đã có công văn thông báo cho Sở Y tế các tỉnh thành về độc tính của cây vòi voi:
Theo khuyến cáo của Tổ chức Y tế Thế giới (WHO); Từ năm 1969, các nhà khoa học đã phát hiện trong một số loài Heliotropium như Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fish et Mey có một số alkaloid độc tính cao với gan, gây hủy hoại tổ chức gan, đau bụng, tiêu chảy, xuất huyết lan tỏa và có thể gây ung thư. Độc tính này không xuất hiện ngay sau khi dùng thuốc mà kéo dài âm ỉ, khó phát hiện. Do đó không nên dùng cây vòi voi làm thuốc”.
Trên thế giới, nhiều nước có nhiều cây vòi voi mọc hoang cùng chi Heliotropium nhưng lại có nhiều loài. Cây vòi voi ở Việt Nam chưa ai nghiên cứu xác định độc tố nói trên. Vì vậy tốt nhất ta không dùng cây vòi voi làm thuốc uống và thận trọng khi dùng cây vòi voi làm thuốc đắp chữa các bệnh ngoài da như: nhọt giai đoạn chưa có mủ, viêm tấy, tụ huyết, sưng khớp.
Mặt khác, ở nước ta từ năm 1965-1990, ngành y tế đã phát động phong trào sử dụng thuốc Nam, châm cứu chữa 7 bệnh chứng thông thường ở tuyến y tế cơ sở; Xuất bản sách hướng dẫn dùng thuốc, trong đó có cây vòi voi làm thuốc chữa phong thấp, đinh nhọt độc như:
- “Thuốc Nam châm cứu” phần dược, Viện Đông y biên soạn 1967, có đề cập đến cây vòi voi ở trang 68.
- “Hướng dẫn thuốc Nam châm cứu” Bộ Y tế in năm 1977, có đề cập đến vị vòi voi ở trang 125.
- “Hướng dẫn trồng và sử dụng thuốc Nam châm cứu” Vụ Dược chính in năm 1983, có đề cập đến cây vòi voi ở trang 218 và 234. Số lượng in 3 cuốn sách trên hàng mấy chục ngàn bản, được cấp phát đến y tế tuyến xã cả nước.
Sau năm 1985, tuy Bộ Y tế đã có thông báo nhưng nhiều tác giả chưa quan tâm đến cây vòi voi có độc nên vẫn tiếp tục viết sách, báo phổ biến các bài thuốc uống chữa phong thấp mụn nhọt có cây vòi voi.
Vì vậy chúng tôi xin đề nghị: Những ai có trong tay các sách báo viết về cây vòi voi, bài thuốc uống có vị vòi voi xin sửa lại ngay là: Có độc không dùng làm thuốc uống và mách cho bạn bè cùng sửa để tránh những hậu quả đáng tiếc có thể xảy ra. Cây vòi voi còn có tên là Thiên giới thảo, Đại vĩ đao, Cẩu vĩ trùng; Vì vậy nếu bạn có tài liệu nào đề cập đến vị thuốc uống có tên này cũng cần sửa để đảm bảo an toàn.
Còn việc chế biến cây vòi voi bằng cách sao vàng hạ thổ, đất sẽ hút độc đi! Đó là ý tưởng cần được nghiên cứu thử nghiệm một cách khoa học, trước tiên là trên súc vật thí nghiệm. Xin chớ đem bản thân mình hoặc người bệnh ra thử nghiệm.
DS. Trần Xuân Thuyết
_______________________________________________________
**** plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=HEIN
**** en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotropium_indicum
**** www.globinmed.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=a…
**** ayurvedicmedicinalplants.com/index.php?option=com_zoom&am…
**** www.stuartxchange.com/TrompangElepante.html
Trompang elepante
Heliotropium indicum Linn.
INDIAN HELIOTROPE
Da wei yao
Botany
Trompang elepante is an annual, erect, branched, hirsute plant, 15 to 50 centimeters high. Leaves are opposite or alternate, ovate to oblong-ovate, somewhat hairy, acute or acuminate, base decurrent along the petiole, 3 to 8 centimeters long. Flowers are small, and borne on one side of curved, terminal, or leaf-opposed spikes which are 3 to 8 centimeters long. Calyx is green. Corolla is pale lavender to nearly white, funnel-shaped, and about 5 millimeters long, with a slender and cylindric tube and the limb 3 to 3.5 millimeters in diameter. Stamens are 5, inserted on the corolla tube. Ovary completely or imperfectly 4-celled, 4 ovules, style terminal or leaf opposed, 3 to 10 cm long, flowers all in one side, the lower ones opening first. Fruit id 4 to 5 millimeters long, composed of 2, ovoid, beaked nutlets.
Distribution
- A common weed in waste places and settled areas throughout the Philippines at low altitudes.
- Pantropic in distribution.
Parts used
· Entire plant.
· May be collected throughout the year.
· Rinse, use fresh.
Constituents
· Stems and leaves contain tannin and an alkaloidal principle.
· Study isolated a major alkaloid, heliotrine, from the seed of Heliotropium indicum. and was found to have ganglion blocking activity.
· Phytochemical screening yielded phytosterols, alkaloids, saponins, and phenolic compounds.
· Phytochemical screening of various extracts of aerial parts yielded alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids.
Properties
· No taste, cooling effect, insecticide-antidermatosis.
· Leaves are emollient and diuretic.
· Drug causes contraction of muscular fibers, mucous membranes and other tissues.
Uses
Folkloric
· In the Philippines, decoction of dried roots used as emmenagogue.
· Few seeds, masticated and eaten, said to be a good stomachic.
· Skin pruritus, scabies: use pounded fresh material (quantity sufficient combine with kerosene applied over the afflicted area.)
· Concentrated decoction may also be used as external wash over afflicted area.
· Decoction of leaves used for washing cuts and sores; also used for the treatment of cholera.
· Decoction of leaves used as pectoral and antiscabious.
· Poultice of pounded leaves or bruised leaves applied to wounds and boils; also, inflamed joints.
· Juice of leaves used for facial acne, gum-boils, sores and wounds.
· Sap of leaves, mixed with salt, used for clearing vision.
· Plant used for ear and skin infections.
· Leaves used for poulticing herpes and rheumatism.
· Decoction of leaves and flowers used as gargle for sore throats and tonsillitis.
· Flowers in small doses are emmenagogue; in large doses, abortive.
· In Mexico, decoction of roots or any plant part used for asthma.
· In Liberia, considered and used as "erysipelas" plant.
· In India, juice of leaves used for treating sores and insect bites.
· Leaf juice given to infants for cough.
· In Costa Rica, leaves are crushed and used as resolvent for abscesses and furuncles.
· In Indo-China, decoction of leaves used for urticaria.
· In Nigeria, used for fevers and ulcers.
· Sino-Annamites used the plant for beri-beri.
· In West Africa, used for vomiting, amenorrhea, high blood pressure; sap applied to gumboils, clean up ulcers and for eye infections.
· In Sierra Leone , decoction of leaves used for washing new-born babies.
· In Senegal, leaf powder used for dermatitis, eczema, impetigo in children.
· In Indonesia, leaf decoction is used for thrush; poultices used for herpes and rheumatism.
· In Thailand, traditionally used for wound healing.
· In Taiwan, a folk remedy for sore throat and lung diseases.
Studies
• Gastroprotective / Antimicrobial: Study of the aqueous extracts of dried leaves of Heliotropium indicum showed dose-dependent gastroprotective effects.
• Wound Healing: (1) Study of 10% topical application increased the percentage of wound contraction, increased tensile strength and decreased time of healing from rapid epithelization and collagenization. (2) Ethanolic extract of HI showed to have better wound healing activity than P zeylanicum and A indica. (3)Study showed significant promotion of wound healing with methanol and aqueous extracts. In the wound infection model (Staph aureus and P. aeruginosa), the methanol extract showed significant healing activity compared to standard nitrofurazone.
• Anti-Tumor: Isolated oxide of alkaloid indicine from HI showed significant anti-tumor activity in carcinosarcoma, leukemia, and melanoma tumor systems.
• Anti-Inflammatory: (1) Study of H indicum produced significant antiinflammatory effect in both acute and subacute models of inflammation, with activities comparable to acetylsalicylic acid and phenylbutazone respectively. (2) Petroleum and ethanol extracts exhibited considerable anti-inflammatory activity compared with ketorolac trimethamine as standard.
• Anti-Tuberculosis: Study of the volatile oil from the aerial parts of HI showed significant antituberculosis activity against M tuberculosis. The major constituents were phytol, e-dodecanol, and ß-linalool.
• Anti-Tumor: Extract study yielded an active principle, an N-oxide of the alkaloid indicine, which showed significant activity in several experimental tumor systems.
• Anti-Proliferative: One of nine Thai medicinal plants studied on human breast adenocarcinoma cell line; all extracts showed IC50 in the potential range for activity against cancer cells.
• Immunostimulant Effect: Dried leaves extract significantly increased in vitro phagocytic index and lymphyocyte viability in all assays, increase in antibody titer and delayed-type hypersensitivity in mice. Results conclude a dose-dependent immunostimulant effect, probably due to the alkaloid content or combination of other components.
• Gastroprotective Effect: Phytochemical analysis yielded alkaloid, saponins and tannins. A gastroprotective function is through its ability to mobilize endogenous prostaglandins in the gastric mucosa, and may be in part due to tannins and saponin constituents.
• Repellent Effect: In a search for insecticides and antifeedants of plant origin against Utetheisa pulchella, H indicum killed 56% of the young larvae but did not affect fifth- and sixth-instar larvae.
• Antimicrobial / Phytochemical Screening: Antimicrobial screening of various extracts of aerial parts showed significant zones of inhibition against 70% of the test organisms. Extracts yielded alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides, and flavonoids while phobotamins, steroids, coumarin, and cardiac glycosides were absent in all the crude extracts.
• Analgesic / Stem: Study of hydroalcoholic extract of the stem of H. indicum in a hot plate model showed significant analgesic effect compared to the standard drug Diclofenac.
Toxicity
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) is found virtually in all plants in the Boraginaceae family. PAs have been shown to cause toxic reactions in humans, primarily veno-occlusive disease, when taken as herbal medicine or with food. It has also believed to cause liver damage.
Availability
Wild-crafted.
**** medplants.blogspot.com/2012/10/heliotropium-indicum-hatha…
Click on link to read more, please.
Dominican Medicinal Uses: The leaves are traditionally boiled in water and taken as a tea or bath for skin conditions including rash, papules, pustules, measles and chicken pox. Clinical Data: In human clinical trials, isolated plant constituents (alkaloids) have been investigated for their anti-cancer effects. Laboratory & Preclinical Data: The leaves have shown anti-inflammatory activity in animal studies, and the ethanolic extract has shown wound-healing effects. In vitro, plant extracts have demonstrated antitumor activity. (Source: Dominican Medicinal Plants: A Guide for Health Care Providers)
Indications: Abscess, Amenorrhea, Aphtha, Arthrosis, Asthma, Bite, Bleeding, Boil, Bronchosis, Calculus, Cancer, Childbirth, Chilblain, Cold, Cough, Cramp, Dermatosis, Diarrhea, Dysentery, Dysmenorrhea, Eczema, Enterosis, Erysipelas, Fever, Furuncle, Gingivosis, Gravel, Hemorrhoid, Hyperuricemia, Inflammation, Itch, Kidney Stone, Leprosy, Leukemia, Malaria, Melanoma, Myalgia, Nausea, Nephrosis, Ophthalmia, Pain, Paroxysm, Pharyngosis, Rash, Rheumatism, Scabies, Sore, Sore Throat, Sting, Tumor, Ulcer, Vomiting, Wart, Water Retention, Wound. (Handbook of Medicinal Herbs)
Action: Plant—diuretic, astringent, emollient, vulnerary. Used as a local application for ulcers, wounds, sores, gum boils and skin affections. Decoction of leaves is used in urticaria and fevers; that of root in coughs. Flowers—emmenagogue in small doses, abortifacient in large doses. Masticated seeds— stomachic. The inflorescences are used by tribals for scorpion bite. The aqueous and alcohol extracts of the plant possess oxytocic activity. The roots contain significant amounts of estradiol, a sex hormone. (Indian Medicinal Plants)
Uses: In Burma, a decoction of the plant is used to treat gonorrhea. In Indonesia, an infusion of the leaves is used to soothe mouth sprue. In Malaysia, a paste of the plant is used to reduce urination, to counteract putrefaction, to treat pyoderma and ringworm infection, and to soothe irritated skin. The plant is used to combat fever, to soothe inflammation, to treat orchit, pneumonia and pulmonary abscesses, to heal ulcers and to assuage liver discomfort. In the Philippines, a decoction of the dried roots is drunk to promote menses. The seeds are used to promote digestion and the leaves are used to treat cholera, malaria, to counteract putrefaction and to heal wounds. (Medicinal plants of the aisa-pacific: drugs for the future?)
This species is occasionally used in Jamaica in the same way as H. parviflorum. Lunan claimed that a decoction is diuretic; that the plant makes a cleansing and healing dressing for wounds and ulcers; and that it may be boiled with coconut oil to make a plaster for scorpion stings and dog bites. In Africa and India it has been employed in the treatment of fevers. skin complaints. boils. sores. ophthalmia. head lice and insect bites. (Medlcinal Plants of Jamaica. Parts I&II)
Indications: Oliguria, haematuria as anti – inflammatory agent and oedema due to renal diseases and other causes. (Medicinal Plants of Myanmar)
Indian Heliotrope, Heliotropium indicum ....Vòi voi....#4
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